PUPA, 395° 
Fam. PUPIDE. 
Jaw feeble, striate or nearly smooth. Teeth of the radula subquadrate; no 
spiniform marginals. Shell oblong, with rather numerous, gradually increasing 
whorls; aperture often toothed. 
PUPA. 
Pupa, Draparnaud, Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. Fr. pp. 24, 29 (1805) ; Pfeiffer, Monogr. Helic, 
Vivent. i. p. xxii (1848) ; v. Martens, in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 286. 
First whorls more rapidly increasing in size than the following whorls, forming a 
small cone on the upper part of the shell, the last three or four whorls scarcely 
increasing in width ; aperture vertical, semioval or rounded, generally with thickened, 
toothed margins, the inner (columellar) margin nearly as long as the outer. Shell 
mostly small or very small in size. Lower feelers short, in the subgenus Vertigo 
absent. 
Distribution universal, but the majority of the known species inhabiting Europe or 
North America. 
Subgen. Pupruua, Leach. 
Pupilla, Leach, Syn. Moll. Brit. p. 91 (1852). 
Shell barrel-shaped, very obtuse above, brown; teeth of the aperture few in number. 
Chiefly inhabiting Europe and North America. 
1. Pupa leucodon. 
Pupa leucodon, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 13 (1851) ’; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iti. p. 537’; 
Fisch, & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 311, t. 14. figg. 2, 2a, 6°. 
Hab. Cenrrat Guaremata: Salama, Baja Vera Paz (Morelet '~*). 
2. Pupa erstedi. 
Pupa (Pupilla) cerstedii, Mérch, Malak. Blatt. vi. p. 111 (1859) °. 
Hab. Nicaraeva (A. S. Ersted *). 
Subgen. Vertiao, Mill. 
Vertigo, O. Miiller, Verm. Terr. et Fluv. ii. p. 124 (1774). 
Shell ovate, conical above, brownish ; teeth of the aperture numerous. No lower 
feelers. 
Almost universal, but most numerous in species in Europe and North America. 
