10 Forms of Trees. [Zor 
the moist, snowless climate of the Pacific Coast north of San Fran- 
cisco. 
B. The upright form with erect or horizontal branches, The 
upright trunk in this form must be considered as inherited from an- 
cestors where it was a necessity. Later on the sloping branches 
gradually assumed a horizontal position. Example: most species 
of cypress, yew, juniper, etc., of a more southern origin. It is 
interesting to note the form of Cedrus Deodara or Himalaya cedar. 
This tree, growing in regions of Himalaya where heavy snowfalls 
are not unfrequent, possesses while young characteristically down- 
ward sloping branches. Cedrus Libani, Lebanon cedar, which is 
_ only a form of C. Deodara, possesses no such sloping branches, but 
horizontal branches, evidently developed in a climate where the 
absence of heavy snow has made the downward slope of the 
branches unnecessary. Most species of juniper possess erect 
branches, as would be expected in a genus which finds its most con- 
genial home and greatest development in the warmer regions of 
the Mediterranean where snow is almost unknown, 
One species ( Yuniperus communis ), however, which is common in 
- Northern Europe, is distinguished by a very different form from the 
southern species, being dwarfed, prostrate, and repeatedly branched. 
But that this form of the European juniper is not the natural 
one, can be seen by the fact that whenever this species is transferred 
to snowless localities it at once assumes the upright form, growing 
as straight and slender as a southern cypress. Similarly we find 
this upright form possessed by all specimens of this juniper which 
grow in close proximity to smelting works, where the heat is strong 
enough to melt the snow. The different appearance of this juniper 
in such localities is really most startling. 
Pines which inhabit snow-visited regions are as a rule very up- 
right, with downward sloping branches, while the southern pines, 
both in Europe and North America, as well.as in Central America and 
Mexico, have branches which either spread horizontally or which 
stand erect, Compare, for instance, P. Laméertiana and P. Ceméra, 
which inhabit snow-visited regions, with such species as Aleppo 
pine (P. Halapensis ), P. maritima, P. insignis, and P. Sadbiniana, 
Judging by the forms of most species of pines it would seem as if 
this genus is more of a southern origin, than for instancé the various 
genera of firs and spruces, which through their very characteristic 
