1924] Lewis,—The Flora of Penikese 187 
Typha latifolia Galium trifidum 
Juncus acuminatus Lycopus uniflorus 
Scirpus paludosus Scutellaria epilobiifolia 
There are willows at both ends of this pond, indicating a natural 
shrub stage, provided they were not planted (plate 146, lowest view). 
The ponds on the northwestern part of the island are very shallow, 
and show a rank growth of Bidens connata. The most northerly 
pond (“Dry Pond’’) had contained water in the spring, as its surface 
was cracked mud with no seed plants (plate 147, lower view). The 
south pond of this group (“Tern Pond”) contains water buttercup, 
a remnant of rushes, the Spartina zone, and a marsh zone with 
Aspidium Thelypteris. 
As the early records of the island mention trees belonging to 
forests of an advanced type, it is possible that such a forest may again 
develop, provided the island is neither pastured nor cultivated. 
There are three possible ways, aside from human agency, for seeds to 
reach the island, by means of birds, wind, or water. As the only 
birds which live on the island are sea birds that eat fish, and small 
birds of the sparrow type, with occasional erow or blackbird visitants, 
the probable means of seed introduction by birds occurs only in time 
of migration. The vegetation today indicates that it is isolated, as a 
common form like poison ivy is not found on the island, while it is 
one of the conspicuous features of the vegetation of neighboring 
islands and mainland. In 1873 this species was recorded from Gull 
Island, but it has disappeared completely. 
GULL ISLAND. 
Gull Island, which was included in Jordan's original survey, is 
much smaller than Penikese, and lies nearly half a mile to the south- 
east. The island is in two parts, the larger reaching an elevation of 
ten feet with the vegetation mostly in the upper central zone. The 
smaller portion, or bar, is bare of vegetation; it is connected with the 
main island at dead low water by a narrow neck. 
On the northwest end of the crest there is a grassy district with a 
tall growth of Solidago, Achillea, Rumex, and Convolvulus. ‘This 
area is extended toward the center by Ambrosia, Cakile, and Atri- 
plex. A patch of Lathyrus lies on the eastern side. The southeast 
end of the crest is covered with especially luxuriant Ambrosia, with 
some Atriplex and a little grass. On the eastern side of the shore 
an arm of marshy land extends some distance, and is covered with 
Spartina alterniflora. 
