PAPILIONINvE. 189 



portions of the whole world in greater or less abundance, this question of generic 

 treatment can only be satisfactorily dealt with in a complete monograph of the entire 

 subfamily. Such a task is beyond the scope of the present work. We have, however, 

 as usual, made a number of dissections with a view to grouping the species of our 

 country as naturally as possible. In doing so we find our conclusions as to the 

 affinities of the various species agree so closely with C. and K. Felder's arrangement 

 published in the portion of their ' Species Lepidopterorum ' relating to the Papilioninse, 

 that we have adopted their system with hardly any alteration. In that work one com- 

 prehensive genus Papilio is employed for the greater portion of the species; this is 

 divided into seventy-five sections, all of which are characterized at greater or less 

 length. If the old genus Papilio is consistently divided, we believe that nearly every 

 one of these seventy-five sections of Felder's work will require a generic name. We 

 are hardly prepared to go to this length, but have proceeded on Felder's plan of using 

 groups or sections, adding a few notes on their characters, chiefly supplementary to 

 those given in the ' Species Lepidopterorum.' 



The sexual characters (chiefly those of the male) of a number of the species mentioned 

 below have been examined, and the results given in the notes to each group and in the 

 figures accompanying them. These on the whole give much more satisfactory results 

 in indicating affinities than we expected. We have, however, chiefly confined our 

 attention to the structure of the harpes*, which in every case being highly chitinized 

 present very definite forms which are readily compared. The valves themselves, the 

 uncus, and scaphium do not render such good results — the scaphium especially being 

 so very variable as to the extent to which its chitin is developed, that no characters 

 can safely be derived from it, at least from our method of preparing the specimens. 



Eegarding the female organs, we have only been able to glance at their structure in 

 such cases" where the parts are sufficiently chitinized to be preserved. We believe that 

 in other instances, perhaps in many, these parts present definite characters which, being 

 less chitinized, are practically destroyed by our method of preparation. The most 

 remarkable developments of the external portions of females that we have as yet found 

 are in the group containing P. daunus and P. polyxenes, to which P. machaon also 

 belongs. The vaginal orifice is highly chitinized and of complex structure, one of the 

 most noticeable features being a thin, wide plate on either side, the outer margin of 

 which is rounded and its edge deeply serrate. We have not ventured to use these 

 characters, where they exist, in our definitions, but some day they will undoubtedly be 

 brought forward for purposes of classification. That their shape has some reference to the 

 male claspers we do not doubt, but what that relationship is we cannot at present trace. 



* We have found it advisable to use the nomenclature employed by Gosse in his paper " On the Clasping- 

 Organs ancillary to Generation in certain Groups of the Lepidoptera" (Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. ii. 

 part 6). It is not very different from that we have previously used, but goes a little more into detail in 

 defining the various parts. 



