2 HEMIPTERA-HOMOPTERA. 
night, individuals are often seen whose bulky bodies have been bitten off from the thorax 
by some bird; and the large and graceful Swallow-tailed Kite at that time feeds on nothing 
else. I have seen these Kites sweeping round in circles over the tree-tops, and every 
now and then catching insects off the leaves, so that on shooting them I have found 
their crops filled with Cicade.” They also suffer much from other insects. Réaumur 
(as quoted by Westwood) states that the eggs of one of the European species are attacked 
by the larvee ofan ichneumon. Biichner relates that a friend (Herr Schliiter) saw a hornet 
catch a Cicada, sting it, and try,to fly off with the bulky prey. Swinton refers to a writer 
in the ‘Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,’ who, describing large numbers of Cicadidee 
seen between Kandahar and Kabul, remarks that “the only enemies they appeared 
to have were some large dragon-flies, which pounced upon them and carried off what 
appeared to be double their own weight.” They are also affected by fungoid growths. 
Mr. Leck, in his Annual Report on the New-York Museum of Natural History for 1878, 
refers to a fungus developed on the abdomen of Tibicen septemdecim, Linn., which, 
though not immediately fatal to the insect, manifestly incapacitates it for propagation. 
In the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London for 1866 is a record of Mr. 
Wilson Saunders having exhibited two larve of a Cicada from Mexico, each of which 
had a large Clavaria growing from between its eyes. Some species, however, appear to 
have defence ; for Bates when describing the habits of an Amazonian species * which was 
very common, “sometimes three or four tenanting a single tree, clinging, as usual, to 
the branches,” says:—‘‘ On approaching a tree thus peopled, a number of little jets of a 
clear liquid would be seen squirted from aloft. I have often received the well-directed 
discharge full on my face; but the liquid is harmless, having a sweetish taste, and is 
ejected by the insect from the anus, probably in self-defence or from fear.” I have 
also elsewhere stated my opinion that this originally sexual peculiarity may tend 
to have a secondary protective character, as on capturing the large Malayan 
Pomponia imperatoria, Westw., I found the vibration caused by stridulation sent a 
thrill through the nerves of my arm, and so considered that birds or other enemies of 
this insect would probably reject so startling a capture, and in time might recognize it 
by its appearance, which would thus ensure it some amount of immunity. 
ZAMMARA. 
Zammara, Amyot & Serville, Hist. des Hém. p. 468. 867 (1843) ; Stal, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. sér. 4, 
i. p. 616 (1861); Hem. Afr. iv. p. 1 (1866). 
Zammara and the two following genera here enumerated, i. e. Odopea and Tettigades, 
have a common and distinctive character in the produced and ampliated lateral margins 
of the pronotum. In Zammara the ulnar veins are contiguous at and for some little 
distance from their bases; and, as described by Stal, it is “area ulnari interiore 
retrorsum angustata.” 
* This species is evidently Fidicina maculipennis, Lap. 
