NEUROPTERA.—ODONATA. 
MAP No. I. 
Map showing the distribution of actual mean annual temperatures in Mexico and Central America. 
This map, having been specially prepared for this work, requires some explanation. It is based on data 
from the following sources :— 
For the United States, Prof. A. J. Henry’s “The Climatology of the United States” (Bulletin Q, U.S. 
Weather Bureau, Washington, D.C., 1906. 4to). 
For Mewxico.—1. A map, 97 x 71:5 cm., in the library of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 
inscribed merely “Carta Climatologica, Sebastian Reyes. P. J. Senties. A. Donamette Imp. Escala de 
1: 3,000,000. Gravée chez Monrocq fr. Paris.” Thanks to the Secretaria de Estado y del Despacho de 
Fomento Colonizacion e Industria of Mexico, I am informed, under date of July 30, 1907, “ que dicha Carta fué 
publicada en 1889 por disposicion de esta Secretaria, haciendo los trabajos relativos los Sres. Pedro J. Senties, 
que era Director de la Escuela Nacional de Agricultura y Comisionado de México en Ja Exposicion de Paris 
del mismo afio y Sebastian Reyes que fué Profesor del Plantel antes mencionado.” This map was reproduced 
without alteration, but on a reduced scale (1: 6,000,000), in Tomo XI, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento de 
la Republica Mexicana, Mexico, 1898, 
2, A map entitled ‘* Reparticion de la Temperatura en la Reptblica Mexicana ” for the “ Afio Meteoroldégico 
de 1902,” published as Plancha 16, Boletin Mensuel Observatorio Meteorolégico-Magnetico Central de México, 
Noviembre, 1902. Sefior Don Manuel E. Pastrana, Director of the Observatorio, has kindly informed me that 
the maps for later years have not yet been published. 
3. I have modified both maps considerably in accordance with a number of temperature data for 70 
stations in the State of Vera Cruz and 49 in other parts of Mexico, gathered from all accessible sources (in 
the libraries of Philadelphia and that of the U.S. Weather Bureau in Washington), chief among which are 
the Boletin Mensuel above quoted, the publications of Sefores Moreno y Anda and Gomez and of Sejor J. 
Guzman, the ‘Monthly Weather Review’ (Washington, D.C.), the ‘ Meteorologische Zeitschrift,’ various 
Mexican journals, &c.* 
4. The topography of the country, as given in the map issued by the Bureau of American Republics, 
Washington, D.C., 1902, and in the authorities cited for Table A in the Introduction of this work, has also 
been taken into account, since the present map is designed to show the actual distribution of temperature in 
the sense of the last map of plate 6 of Bartholomew’s ‘ Physical Atlas,’ vol. iii. Meteorology, and of the 
explanation of that plate. The limits of the central plateau are taken from the map published in ‘ Boletin 
Mensuel,’ Observat. Meteor. Magnet. Centr. Mex. for July, 1901. I assume no responsibility for the political 
boundaries shown. 
It should be added that the existence of Zone I, with a mean annual temperature of more than 30° C., rests 
solely on the authority of the map of Senties and Reyes, that it is doubted by Sefior Pastrana, and that I 
have not succeeded in finding any published records of temperature observations in the valley of the Rio de 
las Balsas for a period of more than two months. 
For Central America, I have drawn especially upon the observations published by Dr. Karl Sapper and 
others for Guatemala, chiefly in the ‘ Meteorologische Zeitschrift,’ and by Senor H. Pittier de Fahega for 
Costa Rica in the same and other journals, particularly those issued under the auspices of the Museo Nacional 
and Instituto Fisico-Geografico de Costa Rica. The data for Guatemala and Costa Rica indicate that in those 
countries the annual isotherms of 25°, 20°, 15°, 10°, and 5° C. are situated approximately at elevations of 
270, 1160, 2050, 2950, and 3840 metres respectively. The present map, so far as Central America is 
concerned, has been made from the topographical maps of Dr. Sapper (Petermann’s ‘ Mittheilungen,’ 1. 1904, 
Ergiinzungsband xxvii. 1899, and Heft 151, 1905; and ‘ Mittelamerikanische Reisen und Studien,’ Braun- 
schweig, 1902) and of the Bureau of American Republics by using these equivalents. 
PHILIP P. CALVERT. 
Philadelphia, November 1908. 
* The collection of mean annual temperatures in Mexico and Central America made for this map has been 
published in the ‘Monthly Weather Review,’ vol. xxxvi. no. 4, pp. 93-97, April, 1908. Issued June 16, 1908. 
