148 APPENDIX. 



and Cyperaceae, as Vilfa, Panicum, Paspalum, Festuca, and Cyperus. Many parasites and 

 epiphytes grow on the oaks and other trees, among them Viscum, Polypodium, Acrosti- 

 chum, Epidendrum, a species of Stelis, Isochilus, Piper, and Cereus flagelliformis, the 

 last being found only on the older trees. The red-spined Agave grows wild in the valleys ; 

 Begonia martiana and a sweet-scented Oncidium are found on the steep rocks ; and in 

 the clefts a Sedum, ferns of the genera Acrostichum, Woodsia, Grammitis, and Aspidium, 

 and a species of Lycopodium ; while at 6500 feet the first Lupinus appears. In the 

 tributary streams of the Jamapu river the stones are covered with a green Ulva, and a 

 brown club-shaped nostoc. Mosses and lichens are tolerably numerous in this region 

 and include Antkoceros crispa, Gymnostomum, Funaria hygrometrica, Maeromitrium, 

 Tortula, Hypnum, Jungermannia, Parmelia, Lecidea, &c. 



After leaving San Salvador Calcuhualco, Alnus jorullensis, arboreous and shrubby 

 Vaccinia, Gaultheriw, and Andromedm are more frequently seen in the oak-forests 

 mingling with shrubs of Fuchsia microphylla ; and between 6500 and 7000 feet a more 

 robust Arbutus appears, occurring casually up to 10,500 feet. The ugly Sida carpi- 

 nifolia and other species which range from the sea-coast disappear at 6500 feet. 

 Along the wayside grow several species of Serapias, a little red terrestrial orchid with- 

 out tubers, and Govenia speciosa, which ascends to 9500 feet. Neottia aurantiaca is 

 rare, and limited to a narrow belt below 7000 feet ; and the recent destruction of the 

 woods and cultivation in these regions threaten to exterminate it. The showy Tigridia 

 pavonia (6600 to 9500 feet), two blue species of Commelina, a rosy Tradescantia, 

 Tagetes spp., Pracocephalum mexicanum, Carduus pyrochrous, and a yellow Swertia 

 grow here, and beneath the bushes Chimaphila maculata. The first pine, Pinus leio- 

 phylla, appears at 6800 feet, though a single isolated specimen was observed at 3000 

 feet. Ipomcea purga is common climbing over the oak trees, and, with Tilia mexicana, 

 ranges from 6800 to 8800 feet. In the maize-fields at this altitude grow Gerardia 

 purpurea, Castilleja arvensis, Lobelia pauciflora, a dark red Allium, and two (Enotherce, 

 and Lamourouxia jalapensis ascends to 9500 feet. Lupins and Conifers become more 

 numerous in the still prevailing oak-forests, and various species of Aster, Stellaria, 

 Scutellaria, and Senecio give the country a European aspect. At 7800 feet the pine- 

 woods become denser and darker ; Pinus montezumce predominating, its branches covered 

 with red Tillandsia and Usnea. These epiphytes continue up to 10,000 feet, where they 

 are suddenly replaced by Phoradendron, which ascends to 13,000 feet. About 8000 feet 

 is the highest limit of arboreous Solana ; and at this altitude occur Flymus, Gnaphalium, 

 Biodia, Adiantum capillus-veneris, and Cuscuta jalapensis ; 200 feet higher Cratcegus 

 ceases, while arboreous and shrubby Buddleice become more numerous. Bomarea hirtella 

 twines round the bushes of Baccharis ; laurels and Bhamneoe grow among the oaks and 

 pines, and tree-like Composite of the genera Fupatorium and Baccharis still abound, 

 reaching their highest limit at about 9000 feet. Lamourouxia multifida appears between 

 8000 and 9000 feet ; Smilax up to 8600 ; Clethra tinifolia and arboreous Araliaceee up 



