CICHLOSOMA. 17 
3. CICHLOSOMA, Swains., 1839. 
Cichlosoma, Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 61. 
This important genus includes the American Cichlids with more than three anal 
spines, with all the teeth conical or cylindrical, and with the mouth not abnormally 
protractile. There are 68 species—53 in Mexico and Central America, 1 in Cuba, | in 
Barbados, and 13 in South America. 
I have arranged the Mexican and Central-American species in five sections, which 
appear to be natural groups, but which are not sufficiently sharply defined to rank as 
subgenera. 
Section 1. Turraps, Giinth., 1862. 
The teeth of the outer series in the upper jaw are in moderate number (10 to 15 on each side) and regularly 
increase in size anteriorly ; in the lower jaw the teeth are either similar to those in the upper, or 
the anterior 3 to 6 on each side are enlarged, subequal and rather sharply differentiated from the 
smaller lateral teeth. The mouth is small or of moderate width, the maxillary never extending beyond 
the vertical from the anterior margin of eye; the cleft of the mouth is nearly horizontal and entirely 
below the level of the eye, the prworbital being deep; the jaws are equal anteriorly or the lower is some- 
what the shorter; in the adult fish the preemaxillary spines do not extend to above the orbit. The upper 
profile of the snout is usually slightly convex, and except in two species (C. microphthalmus and 
C. godmani) the fold of the lower lip is not continuous. The dorsal fin has XV—-XIX 10-15 rays and is 
more or less scaly at the base posteriorly; the anal has [V—VIII 7-12 rays; the pectoral is usually 
rather short and only in one species (C. nicaraguense) does it extend beyond the origin of the anal; the 
caudal is either rounded, truncate, or emarginate with rounded lobes. 
This group consists of twenty species from Mexico and Central America, one 
extending into Colombia. 
Heros deppii, Heckel, and Cichlosoma zonatum, Meek, are insufficiently described 
species, apparently belonging to this section. 
Synopsis of the Species. 
I. Pectoral not extending to above the anal, which has 4 to 7 spines. 
A. Caudal rounded or truncate. 
1. Depth of body 12 to 23 in the length. 
a. Last dorsal spine 2 to 3 the length of head. 
a. Lower jaw a little shorter than the upper; depth of body 2} to 22 in the length ; 
caudal peduncle nearly as long as or longer than deep. D. XVII-XVIII 12-15. 
A. V-VI 8-10. 
Length of head 34 to 34 in the length of the fish . . «© . 2. . . 1). OL. eigenmanni. 
Length of head 82 to 4 in the length of the fish . 2. . 2. 2. . 2. 1 1). 2. nebuliferum. 
8. Jaws equal anteriorly. 
* Caudal peduncle 4 to 3 as long as deep. 
+ D. XVI-XVITI 12-14. A. VI-VII 9-10. A large dark 
blotch on the caudal peduncle. Depth of body 1% to 2 
inthelength . . . . . . 8. maculicauda. 
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, October 1906. D 
