139 



stood, being nearly what we show in figures 3 and 4^ their order of 

 succession being reversed. Mr. Pryor appears to have entirely over- 

 looked the first stage, shown in figure 2, and his a is an abnormal 

 state of things which the writer has seen a number of times, the 

 style being dwarfed and the stigma usually incapable of fertilization. 

 When such cases are seen on the living plant it is very easy to convince 

 oneself that such styles never elongate so as to give rise to b and c. 



As to the organ which secretes the floral nectar, mention is made 

 of it in many of the essays and theses on '' nectaries *' which were 

 the fashion fifty to seventy-five years ago, the usual statement being 

 that the glandular organ is the disk described above. This view is 

 also held by Sprengel, Mtiller and Delpino ; the latter, however, con- 

 sidering it a part of the ovary rather than of the receptacle (i, p, 93). 

 Dr. Gray (i, p. 151) states that '' the nectar sought by insects is here 

 secreted abundantly by the corolla, at its base at the posterior side, 

 and to some extent by the disk which girts the base of the ovary ; 

 the posterior face of the scale which represents the anther of the fifth 

 stamen is apparently glandular, but hardly if qX all nectariferous." 

 That the corolla takes any part in the secretion appears to require 

 further demonstration. 





If, as we hope is the case, the conflicting statements concernin 

 Scrophjtlaria have been reconciled, it remains only to state in sum- 

 mary r T, that the flowers (taking S. nodosa as the type) are adapted 

 by their coloring, odor, nectar,form and protogyny to cross-fertiliza- 

 tion by wasps ; 2, that in case the insects fail to do their part, self- 

 fertilization is fairly well assured, though we have known it to fail 

 occasionally ; 3, that the existence of species w^iich are adapted to 

 close-fertilization without a previous chance for crossing remains to 

 b.e proved ; 4, that cleistogene flowers are produced, so far as we 

 know, by only one species, 6". argiita. 



Description of the Figures. — Fig. i, old flower in the stam- 

 inate stage, x 2, Fig. 2, newly-opened flower in the pistillate stage, 

 the nearest side of the calyx and corollabeing removed, x 2. Fig. 3, 

 unfertilized flower in which the inner stamens are maturing, the 

 nearer side of the calyx and corolla being removed, x 2. Fig. 4, old 

 flower in the staminate stage, seen obliciuely from in front, x t4. 



Books and Articles in which remarks are made on the fertili- 

 zatlon of Scrophularia. 



Axell, Severiril Om. Anordninganna for de fanerogama Vaxternas Befruktning. 



Stockholm. 1S69. 

 Beal, W. J. : The Agency of Insects in Fertilization, {Amer. Naturahst, 1880, 



Xiv. 201-4). e T 1 c T- 



Darwin, C: (l). Ou the sexual Relations of the three Forms ol Ly thrum Sah- 



cariaAJotir- Linn, Soc, BoL, 1864, viii, 169), (2). Different forms of 

 Flowers on Plants of the same species. New York. 1S77, (3)- Cross and 

 Self-Fertilization in the Vegetable Kingdoin. ^^ew York, l877- 



Delpino, F.: Ulteriori Osservazioni sulla Dicogamia nel Regno Vegetale, 



Parte ii, Fasc. 2. {Atti Soc. ItaL di Sci, Nat.) Milan, 1673-4), 93, ^/O, 



iBo. 212. Q r ■■• f \ 



Durieu de Maisonneuve : Various Notes {BulL Soc. BoL. Frame, 1S5O, in, 505-5 yO). 



Gray, Asa: (i). Arrangement for Cross-Fertilizaiion of Scrophujana nodosa 



{Amer. four. Sci. avd A?ts, 1S71, 3 ser. ii, 150-151.) ; (Journal 0/ Botany 

 Dec, 1S7T, ix. 375). (2). Fertilization of Flowers by Insect agency. {Bro^ 



