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(i) Chytridiei ; {2) Zygomycetes; (3) Oomycetes (related to the 
Siphoneae); (4) Ascomycetes ; (5) Uredinei ; (6) Auriculariei ; and 
(7) Basidioraycetes. 
The Basidiomycetes are divided into (t) Tremellinei ; (2) Dacr- 
omycetes ; and (3) Eubasidiomycetes, which again are made up of 
{a) Hymenomycetes, (^) Phalloidei, and {c) Gasteromycetes. — 
Jour, Roy. Microscop, Soc, 
Development of the Apothecia of Lichens. — Dr. M. Fiinfstiick has 
followed the development of the apothecia in three genera, Peltigera^ 
Peltidea and Nephroma. In Peliigera canina an interval of several 
years passes between the first formation of an apothecium and the 
production of the first ripe spores. In Peliigera and Peltidea there 
are no spermogonia. 
In Peliigera malacea the apothecia originate as extremely minute 
roundish dots on the margin of the thallus, where a few filaments, 
irregularly coiled into rosettes, the ascogonia, are formed close be- 
neath the cortical layer, on a level with the gonidial zone; they are 
simply portions of the ordinary hyphee, which increase in length b/ 
apical growth, while the ascogonial cells increase at the same time m 
size by intercalary growth. Thq cortical fibres and the ascogonial 
tissue are strongly differentiated from the first. The next period 
of development begins with the formation of the first paraphyses, 
commencing in the cortical layer of the apothecium. A mass of 
young cortical fibres in the middle of this layer displays delicate 
shoots, which develop into the paraphyses. These gradually extend 
over the entire cortical layer of the apothecium, new ones being 
formed between the older. At the same time, the separate asco- 
gonial cells shoot out and form the ascogenous hyphal tissue. The 
process of disorganization of the ascogonia runs parallel with the for- 
mation of this tissue, and finally the asci are formed as bulgings of 
the ascogenous hyph^ ; the outer part of the cortical layer bursts, 
and thus is formed the ** excipulum thallodes" of lichenologists. 
The formation of the apothecium is not the result of any sexual 
process, the strong differentiation of the ascogenous hyphas from 
those which develop into paraphyses being traced back to'the young- 
est stage. The author regards the process as the same as that in Podo- 
sphcera among Ascomycetes, apogamy with rudimentary sexual 
organs. 
The processes are nearly the same in Peltidea aphihosa and venosa, 
while in Nephroma tomentosum and Icevigatum there are important 
deviations. In these species the author always found spermogonia, 
though always in a rudimentary condition. The first apothecial 
layer is formed beneath a thick, close, cortical layer in the margm 
of the thallus by a number of large, thin-walled cells arranged m a 
moniliform manner, and from the analogy of Peliigera and Peltidea, 
regarded as ascogonia, developed gradually from ordinary hyphae of 
the thallus. The entire structure is enveloped in a dense hyphal 
tissue, which gradually disappears as the fructification develops ; and 
the apothecia of Nephroma are hence described as gymnocarpous. 
The formation of the ascogonia was not clearly observed. The 
mode of formation of the paraphyses is similar to that in Peliigera, 
