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Herbier In French translated from Latin, the Herbarium of Brunfels, 
the Herbario Nuovo of Castore Durante, and several others of the 
same kind. The expression hortus siccus, *dry garden,' by which 
was designated what we now call a herbarium, did not make its 
appearance until towards the end of the sixteenth century, and, on 
another hand, the most ancient herbaria preserved up to our day are 
those of the Lyonais surgeon Greault (1558). in the Paris Museum, 
of Aldrovandi (1560-68), in i6 volumes, at Bologna, of Rauwolf 
(i573~75)j ^t Leyden, of an unknown botanist, in the archives of 
Modena, and of Gaspard Bauhin (1576-1623), at Basel. 
Dr. Saint-Lager gave a description, from Messrs. Camus and 
Penzig, of the Modena herbarium, and, from Mr. Caruel, of the much 
more extensive one of Caesalpinus, and he expressed his regrets that 
so little care had been taken of the herbaria formed by Lyonais 
botanists. No trace of Dalechamps's collections remains, and there 
are but a few fragments of those of Goiffon,Vho had the honor of 
being Jussieu's master. The herbarium of Claret de la Tourrette has, 
with the exception of the lichens, been distributed through the general 
herbanum of the Conservatory. No one has ever had the curiosity 
to visit the herbarium of Abbot Rozier. Finally, there has recently 
been found at the Conservatory of Botany a herbarium which was 
formed in 1699 by an apothecary named Rene Marmion, and which, 
on account of its antiquity, should have merited a better fate than 
that of being devoured by parasites. 
It now remains to examine a question to which no one has ever 
paid any attention, and that is why herbaria were not formed before 
the sixteenth century? Assuredly it was not because the invention 
required a great effort of genius. Even children, without being 
taught, know how to form little herbaria by inserting flowers between 
the pages of a book during their walks in the fields. This word 
book contams the answer to the question proposed. The ancients 
did not prepare herbaria because they did not know the art of 
unitmg mto book-form sheets of that admirable material, paper, 
which, although very thin, is relatively quite stiff. They wrote upon 
' papyrus, or upon sheets of parchment which they rolled into a volume 
\volumen, from volvere). Moreover, they would never have ventured 
to employ papyrus, a costly material, nor even parchment, for so 
vulgar a purpose. 
^ In the twelfth century of our era the manufactureof paper from 
silk {charta bo??ibycina) and from cotton {charta cotonea) was begun in 
Europe, according to processes long understood by the Chinese; but 
It was not till the fourteenth century that it was known how to make 
paper out of linen and hempen rags. And then, as all the operations 
were perfornied by hand, paper was quite a dear product. When, 
about the middle of the fifteenth century, the art of printing was 
invented, paper manufacturers taxed their ingenuity to reduce the 
cost of labor, and constructed machines adapted for comminuting 
rags and spreading the pulp in the form of endless sheets. Now it 
is worthy of remark that the appearance of herbaria coincides with 
the mechanical improvements by means of which it became possible 
to manufacture paper at a low price. Such economic result once 
