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flood tide on the strand, characterized by the growth of Zermin- 
alta Katappa, Casuarina equisetiformis, Cycas circinalis, Pan- 
danus. ; 
4. The Pescapree-formation, named after /pomea pescapre, 
which closes down on the strand vegetation from behind, together 
with occasional trees and shrubs, creeping vines and low plants of 
various kinds from different families of Graminez, Leguminosze 
and Convolvulacez, growing in the sand, characterizing this zone. 
Notwithstanding the fact that all these plants, except those in 
the Pascapre formation, take their root in a constantly wet sub- 
stratum, yet they are emphatically xerophyllous in their character. 
This peculiarity finds expression in the thick, fleshy leaves, in the 
reduction of the transpiring surface, in the hairy covering, and in 
the vertical position of many leaves. 
The anatomical structure shows it still plainer in the thick walls, 
strongly cuticularized outer cell coverings, deeply sunken stomata 
and fully developed water system. 
In Buitenzorg, where plants from the strand had been culti- 
vated back in common soil, away from the direct influences of the 
sea, these modified characters have been largely lost. The leaves 
from Soneratia acida, a mangrove, are no longer insolatral, but 
bifacial, much thinner than in the mangrove. The stomata are no 
longer sunken, the epidermis has thiner walls and the cuticula is 
also thinner. 
I].—The Alpine Flora of Java. 
Java is noted for its volcanoes, often united into small moun- — 
‘tain chains. On some of these volcanoes the ground has been 
well cultivated to a height of from four to five thousand feet. 
Higher up are large tracts of forest. Still higher we come to the 
lower line of the foggy region, where rain falls daily. In this moist 
region we have every where a reduction in the stem and root 
growth of trees and plants in general, and a great increase in the 
leaf-surface. The trees are slim and loosely branched. Epiphy- 
tes abound on all the branches. Passing through the foggy re- 
gion, which does not extend to the top of the mountain, one loses 
the hygrophyllous character of the vegetation, and comes at once 
into an outspoken xerophyllous zone. Here the characters, as 
expressed in the foggy region, are reversed. The trees become 
