921 
amount of water under such increased conditions of transpiration. 
IlI.—Interchange of habitat between the Halophytes, Epi- 
phytes and Alpine growths. — 
The resemblances existing between some of the strand plants 
and those of the alpine regions has already claimed some attention. 
In Java this analogy may be easily observed. Between some 
of the strand trees and those of the high elevations there is 
great resemblance in the stunted and distorted appearance of each. 
Dodonea viscosa, a common strand plant, appears suddenly at an 
elevation of 6,000 feet. 
On some of the volcanoes within the region of fogs are found 
fumaroles. Around these the vegetation is entirely changed, be- 
coming strongly xerophyllous. The Epiphytes, generally on 
trees in this belt, in the vicinity of the fumaroles, descend to the 
ground. Alpine plants are common here which usually occur at 
an elevation of 8,000 ft. 
IV.—The Evergreen Woody Plants in Temperate Zones. 
Many trees in the tropics drop their leaves at the beginning 
of the dry season. The leaf-fall in autumn in temperate zones 
| the author also lodks upon as protective in its character. Such 
' trees could not make good the water lost on warm days in win- 
| ter while the roots were frozen. 
_ The fall of leaves both in warm and in tropical climates seems 
to depend more upon the dry period of such climates than on the 
change of temperature. Thus on such trees as Pyrus communis, 
Pyrus Malus, Liriodendron Tulipifera, and many others which | 
drop their leaves normaly in the autumn the following observations 
were made. In the garden at Tjibodas, Java, where the climate 
changes but little in moisture or temperature throughout the en- 
tire year, the author observed on Dec. 13th, 1889, branches on any 
of these trees representing any or all seasons of the year, a defi- 
nite time for leaf-fall having been entirely lost. 
All our Evergreen trees are provided with some means of pro- 
tection. This is especially true of the Pine family, the leaves of 
which are well provided with thick cuticula and sunken stomata. 
All these modifications are looked upon as protective by the 
author, against a too rapid transpiration, and not against cold. 
W. P. WILSON. 
