TYPICAL SWAMP AREAS. 41 
a number of connecting lakes above it, and rendered slug- 
gish the current in the small rivers uniting them. A large 
tract of country is now in a swampy condition on this ac- 
count, many adjacent forest trees have been drowned out 
and it is probable that the flora has materially changed 
from its former condition. A precisely similar tract re- 
sulting from a like cause may be observed along Carp 
Lake in Leelanaw County, Michigan, where the water level 
has been raised about nine feet by adam. (Plate 2.) The 
present flora in these two areas is remarkably similar. The 
tree zone or part farthest back from the Crooked River 
channel shows a large number of tamaracks (Larix Amer- 
icana) probably indicating that the drainage is poor, the 
back water evidently not changing very rapidly. The 
arbor-vitae (Thuya occidentalis) and black spruce (Picea 
nigra) are almost equally prominent with the tamarack, 
while the white pine (Pinus Strobus), the Norway pine 
(P. resinosa), the balsam fir (Abies balsamea), the white 
ash (Fraxinus Americana) and the red maple (Acer ru- 
brum) are the most important secondary trees. 
The principal shrubs bordering the channels are the 
leather leaf (Cassandra calyculata), Potentilla fruticosa, 
Cornus circinata, C. stolonifera, Alnus incana and Salix 
glaucophylla. The most prominent herbs in this land mar- 
gin are the Joe-pye weed and boneset (Eupatorium pur- 
pureum and E. perfoliatum), Lobelia cardinalis and L. 
syphilitica, Impatiens fulva, Polygonum amphibium and 
Osmunda regalis, the latter fern forming dense fringes 
overhanging the water’s edge. In places where the chan- 
nel is less defined, the low banks permit the spreading of 
the water and this land margin gives way to a water margin 
with a flora varying to meet the changed condition. Here 
are found great areas of Phragmites communis, Typha lati- 
folia, Scirpus lacustris and Menyanthes trifoliata with Sagit- 
taria variabilis and Iris versicolor in smaller patches. In 
the open water Nymphaea odorata, Nuphar advena, Pota- 
