PlllIjrriNK AVOODS. 
353 
In addition to the ones already mentioned, the foUowing sources of 
infonnation have been used ; 
Eoth and Fernow. Timber. Enl. Bnr. of Forestry^ U. S. Dopt. of 
A<,meulturo (18i)5), 10. 
Gainhh, J. S. A Manual of Indian Timbers. London (1002). 
Janssonins, II. IL Mikrograpliic des TTolzos. Leiden (1!K)G). 
Eaeh of the American foresters of the Philippine Forest Service has 
aided the writer with material and observations. Special acknowledg- 
ments, liowever, arc dnc Dr. IT. N. Wliitford and TT. M. Ciirran, of the 
Biirean of Forestry, for tlieir constantly helpful observations and the 
large auiomit of material furnished by them for the study of dilfercnt 
woods. The field notes of Mr. J. 1?. Tlillsninn, of tlie Bureau of Tntei'nal 
r 
Revenue, have also been of ser\ice. 
n 
IT. GENEKAL DISCUSSIOX 
1. STKUCTLltE. 
(a) GROSS MORPHOLOGY OF WOOD. 
CiuVssKS OF WOOD. — All woody plants may be grouped according to 
their stem structure and Imtanicnl relationships as Pteridopliytcs, Mo- 
nocotyledons {Eiidoffejh'^), and Exogena. 
P ie lido pit yics. — The hard tissue is scattered in large, irregular bun- 
dles through the stem: the latter is uneven, being made up of soft and 
very hard material. 3Vee ferns are included in this class; they do not 
come into the market, but the trmiks of certain species are used locally 
in Bengnet and elsewhere in northern Luzon n- j^osts for houses. 
Monocotyledons or Endogens. — The wood is composed of scattered, 
small biindk\< of hard, woody tissue, tlie interspaces being filled with 
soft tissue. Tliis group includes the hamhoos, palms, pandans, etc. 
Bfinihoos. — No work on the woods of the Philippine Tslands wouM be com- 
plete without some nientiun being made of Uw biimb<^os which furnish ao large 
a part of the structural materials of the AicUipelago. Several different npecies 
are used, but tliey all agree in having the peculiar monocotyledonous structure 
already desoribed, modified by the stem bring hollow and jointed. Tiiey also eon- 
tain a considerable proportion of silica. 
Tlie palms do not have jointed .sterns and are not hollow, but the central part 
of the .stem is usually very soft and brittle. From the outer part, which is very 
hard and which will take a high polish, canes, bows, and other articles are made, 
ralma brava (LiviNlona, spp.) and the coconut palm (Cocos nurifera L.) aro 
the ones most used. Some palm stem.-> are also suitabh* for the manufacture of 
small ornamental pillars, where the top and bottom are not exposed to the air, 
and wliere the defective nature of the inner part of the stem is not diHplaye<l. 
Palms are also to some extent used for flooring and for corner posts of houses. 
The hejucos and ralluns {Calamus, Dnononorops) also belong in this group, but 
as they occur in such small dimenhions ihay arc not considered in this paper. 
The pantfnns or screw pines (Pandanus spp.) are widely distributed througli- 
out tlie Archipelago. They are from a number of different species of the genus 
Pandaniis. 
