SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS LONICERA. 35 
A great aid in the study of the genus has been the 
opportunity to observe more than one-third of all species 
in a cultivated state, —most of them for years. The general 
conception of the affinities of the different species and of 
their most natural arrangement I gained first fromthe study 
of the living plants, the close observation of which revealed 
characters and combinations of characters which probably 
would have remained unnoticed in herbarium specimens. 
In addition to the living collections of the Arnold Arbore- 
tum and of the Botanic Garden of the University of Goet- 
tingen, where I began the study of the genus, I have made 
valuable observations in such other living collections as those 
of the botanic gardens of Kew, Berlin, Darmstadt, and 
Muenden, the collection of Mr. M. L. de Vilmorin at Les 
Barres, France, and other gardens. 
With the exception of three species, Z. Sumatrana, L. 
trichosantha and L. Iachkarovi, I have seen specimens 
of all species enumerated in the present paper. Where 
I have seen type specimens the name of the collector is 
marked with an exclamation point (!). 
As the genus has not before been treated comprehen- 
sively I have taken great pains to collect all bibliographical 
references of taxonomic importance, to serve as a base for 
further investigations and studies. All the references are 
quoted from their original places of publication with a few 
exceptions, when the source of information is always given. 
LONICERA. 
Lonicera, Linné [Gen. Pl. 57 (1737); Hort. Cliff. 57 
(1737); Syst. Veg. ed. 2. 19 (1740)]; Spec. Pl. 173 
(1753). — Muenchhausen, Hausvater 5:192 (1770).— 
Scopoli, Fl. Carn. ed. 2. 1: 152 (1772). — Lamarck, Enc, 
Méth. Bot. 1: 727 (1783); Tabl. Enc. Méth. Bot. 2:149 
(1793). — Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 1:149 (1793). — Will- 
denow, Spec. Pl. 17: 982 (1797); Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. 
