I 
THE FLORA OF MANILA. I93 
chewing; bread fruit (Artoccmyus communis Forst.), and the 
jak fruit (A. integrifolia L. f.), for food; amaranths (Ama- 
ranthus gangeticus L., A. caudatus L.), for ornamental purposes 
and food; "libato" (Basella rubra L.), for food; champaca (Mi- 
chelia champaca L.^^), for its fragrant flowers; siempre viva 
(Bryophyllum pinnatum Kurz), for medical purposes; horse 
radish tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.), for food and medicine; 
sappan (Caesalpinia sappan L.), for dyeing; the tamarind (Ta- 
marindus indica L.), for food; indigo (Indigofera tinctoria L.), 
for dye; "caturay" (Sesbania graiidiflora Pers.), for its edible 
flowers and its resinous exudation; the pigeon pea (Cajanus 
cajan Merr.), for food; the cow pea {Vigna sesquipedalis L.), 
for food; the asparagus pea {Psophocarpus tetragonolobiis DC), 
for food; "batao" {Dolichos lablab L.), for food; the mungo 
{Phaseolus radiatus h.), for food; various citrus fruits, such 
as the pomelo {Citrus decumana Murr.), the lime (C. lima 
Lunan.) , and varieties of the orange (C aurantium L.) , for food ; 
the santol {Sandoricum koetjape Merr.), for food; the lansone 
{Lansium domestictim JacU), for food; some euphorbias {E, 
tirucalli L.), for medicine; "iba" {Cicca disticha L.), for food; 
crotons (Codiaeum, variegatmn Blume), for ornamental pur- 
poses; castor oil plant (Ricinus communis L.), for medicine; 
croton oil plant (Croton tigliiim L.) , for medicine and for poison- 
ing fish; balsam (Impatiens balsamina L.), for medicine and 
for ornamental purposes; cotton {Gossypium sp.)» for textile 
purposes; silk cotton tree {Ceiba pentandra Gaertn.) for its 
fibrous floss; various Eugenias {E. jamboktna Lam., E. malac- 
censis L., E. jambos L., and E. javanica L.), for food; "papua" 
{Nothopa7iax fruticosum Miq.), for medicine and for ornamental 
purposes; jasmine {Sasminum sambac Ait.), for its fragrant 
flowers; "solasi" {Ocimiim basilicum L., and 0. san^um L.), 
for condiments; sesame (Sesamum orientale L.) for its oily 
seed; the bottle gourd {Lagenaria leucantha Rusby), for food; 
the sponge gourd {Liifa cylindrica Roem. and L. acutangnla 
Roxb.), for food; the "condol" (Benincasa hispida Cogn.), for 
food; and the "ampalaya" {Momordica charantia L.) for food. 
From an examination of the above list it will readily be seen 
that a great number of species were purposely introduced in 
prehistoric times from various parts of the East, chiefly through 
Malaya, for one reason or another, usually for their food value 
or for other reasons of economic importance. It is quite certain 
that none of the species enumerated above are natives of the 
# 
" This may have been introduced later by the Spaniards. 
^ 
