194 MERRILL. 
Philippines, and it is equally certain that none of them reached 
the Archipelago without the aid of man. Again it is equally 
certain that, with possibly very few exceptions, all these species 
were introduced by the early Malay invaders, by their succes- 
sors, or by peoples of various other nationalities with whom they 
came in contact, long before the advent of the Europeans in the 
Orient. 
In addition to the species above mentioned, for the most part 
undoubtedly of prehistoric introduction, there is still another 
source to be considered, and that is those species introduced by 
the Spaniards from Europe, or from various neighboring coun- 
tries in the East. A brief summary of such plants follows: 
Elaeis guineensis Jacq., the oil palm; Asparagus spp. ; Sanser- 
vieria zeylanica Willd., for its fiber and for ornamental pur- 
poses; Cordyline terminalis Kunth, for ornamental purposes, 
although this may have been of prehistoric introduction; the 
onion {Allium cepa L.), for food; Cnnwm zeylanicum L. and 
C. latifolium L., for ornamental purposes; Panellation zeylani- 
cum L., for ornamental purposes; Belamcanda chinensis Lem., 
for ornamental purposes; Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn., for 
ornamental purposes; Ficus elastica L., a shade tree; Morus 
alba L., for feeding silk-worms ; Muehelenbeckia platycUida 
Meissn., for ornamental purposes; Boehmena nivea Gaudich, 
for its fiber; Artabotrys uncinatus Merr., for its fragrant flow- 
ers; Unona chinensis DC, for its fragant flowers; Cinnamomum 
zeylanicum L., one of the sources of cinnamon; Brassica juncea 
Coss., for food; Raphanus sativus L., for food; Capparis cordi- 
folia Lam., from the Marianne Islands, used as a condiment; 
Albizzia lebbeck Benth., a shade tree; Bauhinia tomentosa L., 
an omamentarshrub ; Cassia siamea Lam., a shade tree; Lourea 
vespertili^nis Desv., for ornamental purposes; Pisum sativum 
L., for food; Phaseolus vulgaris L., for food; Mangifera indica 
L., for its edible fruit; Aglaia odorata Lour., a shade tree with 
fragant flowers; Melia azedarach L., for ornamental purposes; 
Euphorbia splendens Boj., for ornamental purposes; various 
forms of Codiaeum variegatum Blume, for ornamental purposes ; 
Acapypha hispida Burm., and A. wilkesiana Muell-Arg., orna- 
mentals; Euphoria longana Lam., for its edible fruit; Zyzyphus 
jujuba Mill., for its edible fruit; Hibiscus sabdariffa L. H. mn- 
tabilis L., H. rosa-sinensis L., H, schizopetalus Hook, f., all orna- 
mentals; Viola odorata L., for its fragrant flowers; Lagerstroe- 
mia indica L., an ornamental; Lawsonia inermis L., for its 
fragrant flowers; Punica granatum L., for its edible fruit; 
