THE FLORA OF MANILA. I95 
Eucalyptus tereticormis Sm., a shade tree; Fceniculum vulgare 
Gaertn., a condiment; Plumbago auriculata Lam., P, zeylanica 
L., and P. rosea L., ornamentals; Mimusops elengi L., for its 
fragrant flowers; Jasminum grandiftorum L., and J. multiflorum 
Roth, for their fragrant flowers ; Tabemaemontana divaricata R. 
Br., an ornamental shrub ; Nerium indicum Mill., for its flowers ; 
Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Br., for its flowers ; Telosma odoratis- 
sima Coville, for its fragrant flowers; Argyrcia nervosa Eoj., 
Ipomoea cairica Sweet, vines; Clerodendron thomsonae Balf., C, 
fragrans Vent., and C. calamatositm L., ornamentals; Rosmarinus 
officinalis L., for medicinal purposes; Mentha arvensis L., mint; 
Spathodea campanulata Beauv., an ornamental tree ; Kigelia afri- 
cana Benth., a tree; Graptophyllum pictum GrifF,, an ornamental 
shrub; Thunbergia glandiflora Roxb., T. alata Boj., and T, erecta 
And., ornamentals; Plantago major L., for medicinal purposes; 
Gardenia florida L., for its fragrant flowers; Coffea arabica 
L., the source of coffee; Ixora finlaysoniana Wall., /, coccinea 
L., and /. chinensis Lam., ornamental shrubs; Cucumis sativus 
L, for its edible fruit; Artemisia vulgaris L., for medicinal 
purposes ; and Lactuca sativa L. for food. 
Comparatively few of the above species have become natural- 
ized in the Philippines, and for the most part their continued 
existence here is dependent directly on the presence of man. 
Sanseviera zeylanica Willd. is at least subspontaneous, and also, 
in some localities, Belamcanda chinensis Lam., and Muehelen- 
beckia platyclada Meissn. Brassica juncea Coss., is an occa- 
sional weed, and some species of Plumbago are naturalized, as 
well as Thunbergia alata Boj., Plantago major L., and Artemisia 
vulgaHs L. 
More than 50 of the species above enumerated have almost 
certainly been introduced within the past fifty or sixty years, 
if one can judge by their non-inclusion in Blanco's "Flora de 
Filipinas" (1845). Blanco included in his work chiefly cul- 
tivated plants and the species found in the settled areas, giving 
comparatively little attention to the forest flora ; and, from lack 
of material, entirely ignoring the rich mountain flora of the 
Archipelago. He seems, however, to have included most of the 
species found in and about towns, except the grasses and sedges, 
and especially- the cultivated and economic plants. 
The species purposely introduced within historical times from 
various parts of the Old World aggregate a considerable num- 
ber, as will be noted from an examination of the above list. 
In addition to those enumerated above, there are still found in 
