THE FLORA OF MANILA. I97 
tain grasses and sedges, especially the rice paddy forms, and 
such genera as Eriocaulon, Commelina, Aneilema, Cyanotis, 
MonocJioria, Mollugo, Sesuvium, Trianthema, Polygala, Salo- 
mania, Rotala, Ammannia, Ludwigia, Jussiaea, Canscora, Hyd- 
rolea, Centr anther a, Lindenbergia, Bacopa, Mazus, Vandellla, 
Torenia, Bonnaya, Dopatrmm, Utricularia, Sphenoclea, Calo- 
gyne, Stylidium, and doubtless, so far as the flora of the whole 
Archipelago is concerned, many other genera. In this con- 
nection the distribution of two characteristic Australian types, 
both found near Manila, is of interest, Calog-yne pilosa R. Br., 
of the Goodenoviaceae, and Stylidium alsinoides R. Br., of the 
Stylidiaceae. Both of these are rice paddy weeds with us, and 
there is every reason to believe that they have been present in 
the Philippines for a very long time. There appears to be no 
doubt whatever as to the Australian origin of both. The former 
species is also found in southeastern China, but the latter is 
unknown north of Australia except in Luzon. It is believed 
that the most reasonable explanation of their occurrence in such 
widely-separated regions is that they have been disseminated 
by their minute seeds adhering in mud to the feet or feathers 
of migratory wading birds, such as the snipe, and it is con- 
fidently expected that eventually both will be found in inter- 
mediate localities in Gilolo, Celebes, and New Guinea, when those 
islands are botanically better known. It is possible, however, 
that they may have existed in one or all of these islands in the 
past, and that they may have become exterminated by adverse 
conditions. It is certainly unreasonable to suppose that their 
seeds have been transported directly from tropical Australia 
to Luzon, a distance of approximately 4,000 kilometers. 
Having considered the species of presumably oriental and 
those of unknown origin and the agencies by which they have 
reached the Philippines, there still remains to be discussed the 
great number of forms that have originated in tropical Amer- 
ica, and which have been purposely or accidentally introduced 
here within the past 390 years; that is, since the discovery of 
the Archipelago by Magellan in 1521, and its subsequent con- 
quest by the Spaniards. To a greater or lesser extent in the 
early colonial days, the Philippines were a distributing center of 
American species to the neighboring countries, not only of those 
purposely distributed for their economic value, but also many 
weeds and other useless plants inadvertently disseminated. 
Previous to the arrival of the Spaniards in the Orient the Por- 
tuguese had doubtless introduced various American species into 
