202 MERRILD. 
The direct introduction of various species from tropical Amer- 
ica apparently ceased with the withdrawal of the galleons be- 
tween Manila and Acapulco, but at a later date other plants of 
American origin, mostly ornamentals, have come in indirectly, 
chiefly from neighboring countries in the Orient. Among the 
comparatively recently introduced species of American origin may 
be mentioned Ceropteris calomelanos Und., Adiantiim macrophyU 
lum Sw., A, tenerum Sw. and A, trapeziforme L., Panicum 
maximum Jacq., Oreodoxa regia HBK., Cladium bicolor Vent., 
Rhoeo discolor Hance, Zebrina pendula Schinzl., Yucca aloifoUa 
L., Eueharis grandiflora Planch., Carina spp., Peperomia argyreia 
Morr., Castilloa elastica Carv., Aristolochia elegans Mast., Anti- 
gonon leptopus H. & A., Alternanthera versicolor Kegel, Bougain- 
villea spectabilis Willd., Enterolobium saman Prain, Baiihinia 
monandra Kurz, Centrosema plumieri Benth., Oxalis martiana 
Zucc, Euphorbia heterophijlla L., E. pulcherrima Willd., Jatropha 
podagrica Hook, f., J. gossypifolia L., Hevea braslliensis HBK., 
Manihot glaziovii MuelL-Arg., Malvaviscus pilosus DC, Abe'lmos- 
chtis esculenttis Moench,, Gossypium hirsutum L., Passiftora 
qiiadrangularis L., P. edidis Sims, Allamanda hendei^sonii Bull., 
Ipomoea purpurea Lam., Oj^ercidi^ia tuberosa Choisy, Duranta 
rcpens L., Petraea volubilis Jacq., Brunfelsia americana L., B. 
acuminata Benth., Solanum wendlandii Hook, f., Russelia juncea 
Zucc, Jacaranda ovalifolia R. Br., Crescentia cujete L., Odonto- 
nema nitidum 0. Ktze., Isotoma longiflora Presl as well as various 
ornamental Comjiositae, such as Dahlia, Corepsis, Cosmos, Zinnia^ 
Gaillardia, etc. Very few of the above species are found outside 
of cultivation, but some are now becoming established, such as 
Euphorbia heterophylla L., Enterolobium saman Benth., Rus- 
selia juncea Zucc, Ceropteris calomelanos Und., Cladium bicolor 
Vent, and Zebrina pendula Schinzl. 
If we can trust to the evidence afforded by local botanical 
literature, all of the above species have been introduced within 
the last 70 years, or since the publication of the second edition 
of Blanco's "Flora de Filipinas" in 1845. None of them are 
included in his work, although about one-half are mentioned by 
F. Villar and Naves in the "Novissima Appendix" to the third 
edition of the "Flora de Filipinas," 1880-83, as having been seen 
by them in the Archipelago. 
Taking into consideration only those species found in and 
about Manila, we have seen that about 178 or over one-sixth 
of the total number have originated in tropical America, some 
of which have been introduced here purposely for one reason or 
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