195 
The saponification number of the residue was found by the usual method to be 
64; and under the same conditions the free acid value was 60. These numbers 
show that the amount of saponifiable matter in the residue is practically nil. On 
taking up the product in ligroin and extracting it with a 10 per cent solution of 
caustic potash nothing is removed. On digesting it with a small amount of 
alcohol, which dissolved all but the hydrocarbon already considered, the latter was 
shown to constitute 25 per cent of the residue and accordingly, about 6 per cent 
of the original Oil of Supa. The remaining portion, after the evaporation of the 
alcohol, had the consistency of a thick sirup. On treating this with alcoholic 
potash on the water bath for several hours it suffered a change and it was then 
largely soluble in a solution of fixed alkali, notwithstanding the fact that the 
saponification number indicated no alteration by this treatment. 
BALAO: OIL OF APITONG. 
Several products from different species of the genus Diplerocarpus 
are utilized by the natives of the Philippines, but in this paper only the 
discussion of the viscous, slowly drying fluid products which may appro- 
priately be termed wood oils will be entered into. The most widely used 
are those from the species grandifluus and vernifluus, the oil from the 
former being generally known as Balao, and the tree from which it is 
derived as Apitong; that from the later as Malapaho, the tree being 
termed Panao. Besides the above there are several other wood oils of 
the same class which are used to a smaller extent. All of these products 
are similar in composition and consist of a solid resin, of water, and of 
from 25 to 40 per cent of a volatile oil. From the information which has 
been obtained it appears that their chief use is in calking small boats and 
furnishing a protective varnish for wood. For these purposes they are 
generally mixed with some other solid resin or with lime. At times they 
are also said to be used for illuminating oils and for torches. 
Balao, according to the reports of the Bureau of Forestry, is a product 
which is in common use in nearly all of the provinces of the Islands. It 
is secured by allowing the resin to collect in a cup-shaped cavity which is 
cut in the body of the tree. As the flow decreases, the cup is cleaned, or, 
if an insufficient supply has passed, the resin is ignited in sifu, which 
operation greatly increases the rapidity of the flow, although the product 
obtained by this means is dark in color, the maximum yield per day from 
a tree probably being not more than 1 kilo. The freshly exuded resin is 
white in color, but on standing it soon darkens. When spread upon a 
surface it slowly hardens to a tough varnish. The samples of this resin 
which were examined were from three different provinces, there being 
no doubt as to the botanical identification of the tree. The resin, as it 
is obtained under ordinary conditions, is a viscous fluid, which is more or 
less colored according to the time during which it has stood and to the 
amount of dirt and bark which may have found their way into it. It is 
not homogeneous, as it contains a large proportion of a granular solid 
which is immiscible with the fluid, and which remains in suspension. It 
