223 
Paralecanium cocophylla Banks. 
Paralecanium cocophyllae Banks, Phil. Jowrn. Sci. (1906), 1, No. 3, p. 235. (Pils. VIII to XI.) 
This insect differs from any of the foregoing in that, if a female, it 
does not lie beneath a puparium but is itself its own scale. It has 
easily been found upon nearly every coconut examined in Manila, and 
is readily distinguished from other species by its unusual size (being 
5 to 6 millimeters long and nearly as broad), and by the 2 small patches 
of orange-yellow on the posterior region. It always occurs upon the 
inferior surface of the leaf. The male puparia are much scarcer than 
those of the female. 
A peculiar characteristic of the male insect is that it comes from 
beneath its scale to shed the pupal exuvie, returning after it has 
completed its transformation. The length of time after the final molt 
and before it seeks the female, during which the adult male remains 
beneath the puparium is not known. 
PREVENTIVES AND REMEDIES. 
In all the work upon scale insects affecting the coconut, it has 
uniformly been observed that those trees which are ill cared for or which 
have become deformed by the attacks of beetles are the ones most infested 
by scales. The malformed or pathologically imbricated leaves, in their 
interstices, offer ideal places for the breeding of scale insects. This fact 
would point to the necessity of the removal and destruction of such por- 
tions at once. 
Because scale insects can only migrate as wingless larve, it would seem 
that their arrest would not be difficult, and yet, when we consider that 
every wind blows these larvee from leaf to leaf and from tree to tree, we 
can easily see that this fact, as well as the extreme fecundity of the 
insect, renders no tree entirely safe from their attacks. However, those 
trees which are the healthiest and best cared for are the ones which will 
best withstand these pests. 
Spraying with lime-sulphur or kerosene emulsion washes might serve, 
if properly applied, for the preservation of young coconut trees, but these 
remedies would entirely be out of the question for full-grown ones. The 
necessity is apparent for clean, systematic and regular cultural methods 
for the protection of this valuable tree from scale, as well as from all 
other insect pests. 
INSECTS AFFECTING COPRA. 
In connection with work which has been carried on in this Bureau on 
coconuts, copra, and coconut oil, it has been noted that certain lots of 
commercial copra, when received from the bodegas, were badly infested 
by larve, pupe, and adults of Silvanus swrinamensis Linn., and Necrobia 
rufipes De Geer. Both of these insects are cosmopolitan and as they 
