392 
and some times Aphananthe philippinensis overtop the others at varying 
heights. Disregarding the upper story, the younger trees together with 
mature smaller ones form a less regular profile. (See Table XII for an 
enumeration of the species.) Between the plots on the one hand and 
the “cogonales” on the other, more numerous in the tension zone or 
crowding in between the individuals of the lower story, are young trees 
or saplings of the older species and also the distinctly shrubby vegetation. 
Tabernemontana pandacaqui, Memecylon edule, Leea manillensis, Ixora 
cumingui, Breynia acuminata, Fluggea obovata, Micromelum pubescens, 
Guioa perrottetu, Streblus asper, and Premna nauseosa are characteristic. 
By actual count, these predominate in the three plots under consideration ; 
but the latter are varied so that the species which are found in one may 
or may not predominate in the others. The same may be said of the 
younger trees. For instance, in Plot B Harpullia arborea is represented 
by eighteen individuals, while it is not present in the other plots. In 
similar and even in adjoining patches of the type of parang under 
consideration, especially on the edges, there is found Gmelina hystria, a 
small tree 3 to 4 meters in height, with long pendant branches, or 
Mussenda grandiflora, which accentuates its numerical importance by 
the large, white, bract-like calyx lobes. Among the smaller shrubs, the 
spiny Plectronia peduncularis is found throughout the different: types 
of the parang, and Otophora fruticosa is but slightly less frequent. 
Bridelia stipularis, a common, subscandent shrub whose branches trail 
over the tops of the neighboring shrubs and small trees, has the appear- 
ance of a hana. The most common and large, woody lianas are Uvaria 
rufa, Smilax bracteata, Tetracera sarmentosa, Ichnocarpus ovatifolius, 
Celastrus paniculatus, Cnestis ramiflora, Mucuna imbricata, and the 
subscandent Rowrea multiflora, all of which reach to the tops of the 
tall trees when these supports are present, or in their absence, sprawl 
over the tops of the lower story or even lie prostrate on the ground. 
Often Dinochloa diffusa (Pl. IV) and Calamus mollis major are found 
in this parang, which shows its close relation to the vegetation of the 
Dinochloa parang, which has already been described. Indeed, almost 
without exception, although their numerical importance is less, the 
species present in the former occur in the latter class. Another form 
of plant found in the parang is the smaller liana which differs from the 
larger one in habit as much as shrubs differ from trees. Among these 
the vitaceous Cissus repens, C. japonica, C. geniculata, and Tetrastigma 
lanceolarium are common; also there are species of other families such 
as Abrus puchellus, Lygodium circinatum, Piper sp., Flagellaria indica, 
ete. The herbaceous vegetation which appears to best advantage during 
the rainy season will be left to a later discussion. 
Mixed parang.—In Plot A of the table given above it will be noticed 
that such species are present as Anisoplera vidaliana, Shorea guiso, and 
others characteristic of the Bambusa-Parkia formation. These trees give 
