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line, the difficulty of transporting the material taken out increases. After 
this period the less desirable timbers are removed. In this way all the 
taller trees may be destroyed and only those which are able to sprout 
from the stools will remain. In the meantime, the shrubs, vines, and 
worthless small trees which give character to the landscape have been 
given an opportunity subsequently to gain a better foothold. Even these 
may be removed partially for firewood, and as a result very low brush 
land is all which remains in the neighborhood of the towns. So various 
are the stages that it is difficult to classify them. 
Largerstroemia-Zizyphus parang.—This form of parang has been 
named after Lagerstremia speciosa and Zizyphus trinervis because these 
two species predominate or at least give character to the landscape. I 
believe that both of them owe their place in this type to their persistent 
habit of sprouting from the base of the trunk after the tree has been cut. 
In this case they form low, shrubby trees which, with the other associated 
species, compose the type. In addition to the two tree species mentioned, 
in one plot of approximately 160 square meters, the following are 
common: Bridelia stipularis, Premna nauseosa, Leea manillensis, Ficus 
hauili, Oroxylum indicum, Albizzia procera, Cordia blancoi, Harpullia 
arborea, Litsea tersa, Semecarpus perrottetii, Ficus sinuosa, Streblus 
asper, Canarium villosum, Tabernamontana pandacaqui, Otophora fru- 
ticosa. With the exception of Oroxylum indicum and Albizzia procera, 
there is a tendency for this type to form an almost level top which is 
about 3 meters in height and which is thickly covered with herbaceous 
and woody vines; thus a dense shade is formed because of which, species 
not already present are practically excluded. However, Oroxylum in- 
dicum and Albizzia procera stand isolated above this raised platform 
and during the dry season their bare limbs are in striking contrast to 
the evergreen vegetation below. In other places Polysias nodosa, with a 
rosette of large pinnate leaves, rises to a height which is twice or thrice 
that of the green lower story. 
Each partial attempt to clear such vegetation, or any further inroads 
made upon it to secure firewood and construction timbers of the lowest 
grade, tends only still further to reduce the coppice vegetation, or it 
gives greater opportunity for the growth of species like Bridelia stipularis 
and lianas of various sorts. In this way, just as a closely cropped lawn 
increases in thickness, the parang gains in density and loses in height. 
It will be seen from the above reduction series that all stages of the 
parang may be obtained from the climax formation of the Bambusa- 
Parkia formation to that of the low Lagerstremia-Zizyphus. Many in- 
termediate conditions were studied. In some places Premna nauseosa or 
Gmelina hystria give a different floristic composition to the parang; but 
whatever the species, the ecological type is the same, namely, the coppice 
form, mixed with small trees having scandent branches and many small 
woody vines. The species which are thus reduced invariably reach a good 
