Soe ee a ee Se : CORE TEE TET Teer, he OREO Re es i ee Oe eee ee ee 
417 
and ecologically, as is shown by the occurrence of such species as Shorea 
polysperma, Shorea contorta, Calophyllum wallichianum, and Hopea 
acuminata (compare Plots E and F, Table XV, with Table XVI). 
Anisoptera vidaliana is fairly well distributed throughout all the plots, 
and for this reason the formation shares its name with Strombosia. 
Ivanas.—The liana vegetation of the plot on the river terrace at 100 
meters altitude has already been discussed. Apparently its development 
here is much greater than it is in the closed forests, but in reality the 
difference is not very pronounced, though there is no doubt that the 
lianas occupy proportionately more space in the open than in the closed 
forests. (Pl. XIV.) Though the ghade of the forest practically prohibits 
most lianas from obtaining a start from seed, yet they, as has been 
previously shown (p. 408), are not entirely dependent on seeds for the 
invasion of new territory. Especially is this true of the climbing bamboo 
and of at least one species of Calamus, though dicotyledinous lianas may 
also have this power. Even though the lianas did not possess this 
property, natural and artificial “blanks” occur in the forests and these 
would give opportunity for lianas together with other species to obtain 
a foothold from seeding. . 
Rattans.—Contrasted with the undergrowth of temperate regions, the 
species of the genus Calamus are most foreign. In their younger stages 
these climbing palms consist of a ground rosette of large leaves having 
their leaflets pinnate or arranged in groups, and, either above or below 
or on both the upper and under side, containing scattered, thin, flexible 
spines on the principal veins. In many eases the rachis of the leaf 
is prolonged into a long, whip-like runner (flagellum) having stout 
recurved hooks, the latter often arranged in groups; the leaf sheath is 
also strongly armed and may itself be provided with a long flagellum 
which in turn is armed. In time, from the center of the basal rosette, 
there arises a long scandent stem, the rattan of commerce, which may 
reach to the tops of the tallest trees or it may scramble over the ground, 
sometimes reaching a total length of 120 meters or more. After these 
stems are well developed, the basal rosette disappears. Among the species 
common at Lamao are Calamus mollis major (Uay), C. ornatus philip- 
pinensis (Limoran), and the undetermined species having the native 
names of Ditan, Palasan, Culacling, Babuyan, and Bucton. (Pl. XV.) 
Of these, Bucton has a distinct, though short, trunk so that the basal 
rosette stands at least 20 centimeters above the ground. JLimoran has 
the habit of producing runners and of thus starting new centers at some 
distance from the mother plant. These, in turn, may throw out runners 
which enable the plant to spread without going through the dangerous 
seedling stages. Without exception, all the species are able to endure 
the most intense shade, although they, like other lianas, present a much 
better display of foliage, at least nearer the ground, when they grow in 
half open places. (See Pl. XVI.) They also share with the climbing 
