i altel i lll a lat mill ae lll as 
. 
2 fee 
es 
456 
per cent. The residue was unpulped, of a dark-brown color, and very coarse. 
Digested for five hours longer, under 6-7 atmospheres pressure with 10 per cent 
caustic soda calculated on the original weight taken. The yield was 31.5 per 
cent of a light-gray, well digested pulp. 
Eaperiment No. 2.—Uncleaned waste; 20 per cent quicklime; time of digestion, 
five hours; pressure, 6-7 atmospheres; yield, 55 per cent of a coarse, brown 
residue only suitable for cheap wrapping paper. 
ERaperiment No. 3.—Time of digestion, twelve hours; all other conditions as 
in experiment 2; yield, 38 per cent. ‘The residue appeared to be well pulped, 
but not entirely free from cellular matter. 
Eaperiment No. 4.—Twenty-five per cent caustic soda, calculated on the weight 
of material digested; time, five hours; pressure, 7 atmospheres; yield, 35 per 
cent; residue, light-gray, and it appeared to be very well boiled. 
Ee«periment No, 5.—Twenty per cent caustic soda; time, five hours; pressure, 
7 atmospheres; yield, 41.5 per cent; residue, dark-gray; digestion, incomplete. 
Eaperiment No. 6.—Twenty per cent caustic soda; boiled twenty-four hours 
at ordinary pressure with reflux; yield, 50 per cent; residue similar to that 
from experiment 2. 
Conclusions.—For the preparation of half stuff for brown wrapping 
paper the waste may be lime boiled under pressure with good results 
both in respect to yield and to economy; however, an open cook with 
lime gave negative results. The weight of the waste may be reduced 
by about 30 per cent by this latter procedure, but the resulting product 
is not in any.sense a paper pulp. Caustic soda (25 per cent calculated 
on the gross weight of the material) effects a complete re-solution of the 
incrusting material. 
BOWSTRING HEMP. 
Sanseveria zeylanica is found quite widely distributed throughout 
the Islands and is cultivated in some localities for cordage and textile 
purposes. It is mentioned in this place because of the similarity which 
its structural fiber has to that of maguey and because of the possibility 
of its becoming a plant of considerable commercial importance. Like 
maguey, it readily lends itself to machine stripping and in the event of 
a more extensive cultivation the waste fiber may be worth considering. 
GRASSES IN GENERAL. 
Graminee—Among the Graminee are many well-known annual 
and perennial plants which have in the past, largely been used in the 
manufacture of paper; the cereal straws, such as those of wheat, rye, 
oats, and barley, and the stalks of maize and of sorghum, are examples 
of materials from annual plants which are used for this purpose. Espar- 
to and the British Indian grasses Munj and Bhabur may be mentioned 
among the perennial plants, as they have assumed a considerable com- 
mercial importance. The various species of bamboo have not as yet, 
because of the reasons stated on page 434, been industrially established. 
Esparto.—The Esparto grass (Stipa tenacissima) is found both culti- 
vated and in the wild state in the countries bordering on the Mediter- 
