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height varies according to the circumstances, but usually it is about 3 
feet with a foot or two buried in the ground. Rats can neither climb 
such a wall nor burrow under it. The use of zine for such a purpose 
is apparent, for it is not liable to rust as are other metals, and it may 
be used repeatedly. These walls have been utilized during every epi- 
demic, the largest one being constructed in Tokyo in 1903. In this 
instance the area inclosed was three-fourths of a mile square, with par- 
titions dividing it into several sections. In addition, every other place 
where infected rats were found was inclosed within other fences and 
the total length of the walls so used measured 29,148 feet, or about 4 
miles. 
The discovery of a case suspected of having plague is promptly fol- 
lowed by the proper measures to prevent further spreading of the disease. 
Inspecting physicians hurry to the patient’s residence and, if he really 
proves to be attacked by the pest, the victim is at once conveyed either 
to a hospital for infectious diseases or to one of isolation where proper 
treatment can be given. Should a dead body be discovered infected 
with the plague bacillus, the cadaver is first disinfected externally and 
then cremated. Each member of the family and the contacts in the 
neighborhood are then sent to an isolated detention dormitory where 
they are given a daily examination during their term of quarantine. 
They are subjected to all possible means of disinfection and prophylaxis, 
including the conferring upon them of passive immunity by inocula- 
tion with pest serum, whereas those from the neighborhood who are 
in less danger of having contracted the disease are given pest vaccine. 
In every epidemic this serum and vaccine have been generally used, 
over 10,000 individuals having been inoculated, but we have been unable 
to obtain exact statistics as to the value of these remedies during the 
epidemics on the main Japanese islands. 
However, during the outbreak in Tainan, Formosa, occurring in 1901, 
the conditions were such that we were able to obtain valuable statistics 
and the large number of persons which were inoculated with pest vaccine 
gave suggestions as to the value of vaccination. Of 10,876 persons 
inoculated in ‘Tainan only seven were attacked by plague; while out of 
about 40,000 persons who failed to receive this treatment, more than 
500 were infected. From such statistics it is not difficult to believe in 
the favorable results of vaccination, although we are not yet in a position 
definitely to determine its value. 
Those plague commissioners and officials who from the nature of their 
duty frequently came in contact with the patients, have received prophy- 
lactic inoculations of the serum (16-20 cubic centimeters). Not one of 
these individuals has as yet been infected. Instances are many in which 
the value of the serum as a preventive has apparently been demonstrated. 
For the treatment of plague patients two methods may be recom- 
mended—one the extirpation of the buboes and the other the inoculation 
