20,1 Wells and Perkins: Nipa-sugar Manufacture 51 
were brought every day, and a freshly limed tuquil was placed 
every day on each palm after collection of the tuba. By this 
very thorough liming good preservation was obtained, and the 
top layers of tuba in each tuquil were almost always found alka- 
line to litmus even when collected at twenty-four-hour intervals. 
The collection data are summarized in Table 2, in which the 
palms are grouped according to the age of the stalk; that is, the 
number of days that elapsed between the cutting of the fruit and 
the beginning of the experimental collection. The unlimed tuba 
mentioned in the last line of Table 2 was collected at about the 
end of the experimental period from ten representative palms in 
each group. Its collection, under toluene, has been described 
above. 
The limed tuba was stored in wooden barrels for about a month 
before boiling to sugar, during which time absolutely no decrease 
in polarization could be detected. The alkalinity also was prac- 
tically constant, but fell off about 0.1 per cent in a barrel of mixed 
A and B tuba. 
It is evident that lime is more effective than toluene in pre- 
venting inversion on long storage. The discrepancy between the 
original values of the limed and the unlimed tuba is therefore 
surprising. It is partly due to the diluting effect of the lime 
cream, and perhaps partly to the formation of insoluble lime 
sucrate. For this and other reasons, such as the accumulation of 
lime on the tuquils, it was decided that such heavy liming was 
not practical. This point will be discussed later in connection 
with the use of funnels. 
Manufacture of sugar—After transportation to Manila the 
barreled tuba was freed from lime by carbonatation with com- 
pressed carbon dioxide and boiled to massecuite in a crude 
vacuum evaporator. The data on the sugar making ™ are given 
in Tables 8 and 4. In all 844 liters of tuba were boiled down, 
and 67 kilograms of sugar polarizing at 87 per cent were ob- 
tained. No difficulty was found in refining a portion of this 
sugar to a pure white product. 
COLLECTION WITH FUNNELS 
The disadvantages of very heavy liming have already been 
pointed out: If a thin lime cream is used to line the tuquils, 
however, the top layers of tuba in some of the tuquils become acid 
and ferment several hours before collection. Aside from the at- © 
tendant loss of sugar the organic acid thus formed holds lime 
“This work was done with the assistance of Mr. Salvador Sevilla. 
