20, 1 Wells and Perkins: Nipa-sugar Manufacture 53 
in solution which cannot be removed by carbonatation and inter- 
feres in the sugar boiling. Pratt‘? has pointed out that this is 
caused, not by insufficiency of lime, but by the fact that the lime 
sinks to the bottom and does not mix with the tuba. The use of 
funnels to lead the tuba to the bottom as recommended by him was 
found to be quite successful in reducing the lime required to a 
very smallamount. The difficulty encountered was in the adjust- 
ment of the tuquil so as to cause all of the tuba to flow through 
the funnel. When the tuba drips nicely from the end of the stalk 
the funnel catches it, but tuba which runs down along the stalk 
seldom enters the funnel but either is lost entirely or runs down 
the inside wall of the tuquil. When even a few of the tuquils 
become contaminated with acid top layers in this manner, the re- 
- sulting mixture is of poor quality. : 
A slight modification in the manner of attaching the tuquil 
funnel was found to obviate this difficulty. The new type of 
tuquil is not pierced with a hole for the stalk but is suspended by 
means of a piece of ordinary telegraph or heavy fence wire. 
Under the stalk, near the end, a small bib of galvanized iron 
catches all the tuba and’ drops it into the funnel. The wire 
is firmly held to the stalk by a wood or bamboo wedge placed 
between the upper loops of the wire and the stalk. The ar- 
rangement is clearly shown in Plate 3, figs. 1 and 2. — 
The cost of a funnel top, made from second-group lumber on 
a turning lathe, is about. 20 centavos. This is very durable, es- 
pecially if impregnated with paraffin before use. The stem, of 
small bamboo such as cajia bojo, costs practically nothing. The 
hanger costs about 5 centavos, including the labor of making. 
The time required for attaching and detaching the hanger is 
somewhat more than for the simplest native method of attach- 
ment, but not so long as for the more complicated methods in use 
in certain places. The simplest method is to make a small hole 
in the tuquil, which fits so tightly on the stalk that no fastening 
is required. As this method has certain faults, such as frequent 
Splitting of the tuquils, and loss of the same by tidal action, it is 
often supplemented with various devices, even to the extent of 
tying the tuquil to the stalk, which takes considerably more time 
than the attachment of the wire hanger. 
SMALL-SCALE MANUFACTURE OF NIPA SUGAR 
The tuquil hanger above described was developed during a se- 
ries of experiments at Capiz, Panay, and at Catarman, Samar, on 
2 Op. cit. 392, 
