510 The Philippine Journal of Science 1922 
near the source of coconut production. The result of these 
various conditions has been the establishment of a considerable 
number of oil mills in the Philippines. The increase in the 
coconut-oil business in the Philippines is shown very clearly in 
Table 1, which gives the exports of copra and coconut oil from 
1913 to 1920. 
TABLE 1.—Amount and value of copra and coconut oil exported from the 
Philippines from 1913 to 1920* 
| Copra. Coconut oil. 
Year. ad 
Amount, Value. Amount. Value. 
Kilograms. Pesos, Kilograms, Pesos. 
LI 1), at ete Sp eta enee eee nee eae 82, 219, 368 19, 091, 448 5, 010, 429 2, 292, 678 
PAM cbwisastoliuusanses au oas Seu see: 87, 344, 695 15, 960, 540 11, 943, 329 5, 238, 366 
DIG. a Ae i Soaaes AW. a Sp wea cA aS 139, 092, 902 22, 223, 109 18, 464, 169 5, 641, 003 
Baca ou ree ot ee 72, 277, 164 14, 231, 941 16, 091, 169 7, 851, 469 
og FESS EA cL AN AN 92, 180, 826 16, 654, 301 45,198,415 | 22,818,204 
TUES waisidd Wasliseeniie pve sd oot on 55, 061,736 | 10,377,029 | 115,280,847 | 63,328,317 
IMD ean cutbbicizects. ee 25, 094, 027 8, 839,376 | 139,942,612 | 178,719,504 
1920...--- 2.24.2 ------e-ae-ce----ne----| 25, 808, 044 7,433,741 | 77,571,405 | 46, ii: 
* Annual Report, Insular Collector of Customs, Manila (1920). 
The two commercial methods employed to obtain coconut oil 
from copra, which is the dried meat of the coconut, are the 
pressure (expeller and hydraulic) and the extraction processes. 
In the pressure process, the copra is ground, heated, and sub- 
jected to pressure. The expeller oil cake which remains after 
the first expression still contains a considerable quantity of oil 
(about 10 to 15 per cent) and is subjected to a second expres- 
sion by means of hydraulic presses after which the hydraulic 
cake contains only a smail percentage of oil (about 4 to 7 per 
cent). The coconut oil thus obtained is filtered and stored in 
large tanks, ready for domestic use or export. The oil cake 
(copra cake) which remains after the oil has been expressed 
is used as cattle food or, sometimes, as fertilizer or fuel. In the 
extraction process the dried copra is ground sufficiently fine to 
break the oil cells as much as possible. The material is then 
treated with some volatile solvent such as benzene or carbon 
tetrachloride. The solvent containing the dissolved oil is drawn 
off from the extracted residue (pomace) and filtered. The oil 
is then separated from the solvent by distillation, after which 
the Solvent is returned to storage and used for subsequent extrac- 
tions. Solvent-extraction plants have been operating in Ger- 
many and England for some years, and several plants are now 
