74 REVUE BRYOLOGIQUE 
42-51 p in diam.; the elaters of the two species hardly differ, in 
both they are long and narrow, and bispiral, rarely trispiral. 
Lindberg’s description of his F, verrucosa in Manipulus II, 
p.386 will not apply to the plant which I describe as F. echinala, 
although the original specimen was described from the same 
number of Gott. and Rabh. exs. This number contains, in addi- 
tion to these two plants, F. cæspiliformis and F. Husnoti,variously 
represented in different packets. Lindberg gives the elaters as 
« breves et crassissimi, hyalini, quatuor vel tres, raro quinque 
vel duos spiras luteo-brunneas includentes», while the elaters of 
F. echinala are long and narrow, 2-spiral, rarely 3-spiral. His des- 
cription of the spores also does not suit that species « spori 
0.04 mm., brunneï, tetrahedro-globosi, sat depressi, densissimé 
verrucosi, verrucis asperulis, circuiter irregularibus, rotundis- 
sublinearibus, humillimis, ut sat difficile observantur et spori se 
Squamosos esse assimulent », the rotundate-sublinearand some- 
what obscure papillæ being unlike the spinous papillæ of the other. 
Stephani’s description of the spores of F. verrucosa in Spec. Hep. 
I p. 392 and Müller’s in Rabh. Krypl. FL p. 390 give the papillæ 
as being thick and obtuse. 
In my view, F. verrucosa Lindb. is not a true species but is 
only an undeveloped state of F. cæspiliformis. Mr W. E. Nichol- : 
son has sent me from Partridge Green, Sussex, F. c&spiliformis 
with typical spores and among it were plants containing spores 
which had only low and broad, obtuse warts; he also sent a plant 
with spores which showed all gradations between the warts : 
and the typical papillæ, and in the warty spores the structure 
of the base of these warts could frequently be seen to be the 
same as that of F. cæspiliformis. Mr Nicholson has also produ- 
ced the warty spores on cultivating typical F. cæspiliformis 
from the same locality. The capsules which had the warty 
spores had short and thick, frequently 3-5 spiral elaters as in 
F. verrucosa Lindb. 
Mrs Tindall suggested to me some time ago that Lindberg’s spe- 
cies was only an imperfect form of some other species; and 
Mr Nicholson wrote that if the plant with warty spores was the 
true F. verrucosa Lindb., it did not appear to be permanently 
distinct from F. cæspiliformis. A. striking confirmation of the 
warty spores being only an undeveloped state of the papillose 
= spores is shown in the case of Mr Nicholson’s F. echinata from Haly, 
= where he has found under cultivation a capsule with spores in 
which the acute papillæ of that species are reduced to small warts 
 resembling those which were found in F. cæspitiformis, but 
