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588 
trypanosomata with no bad effects in a large majority of cases, but 
the problem of the evil effects of the combination of these parasites 
with rinderpest had never been encountered until toward the end of 
1905, when a campaign by the Bureau of Agriculture was instituted to 
inoculate by the simultaneous method all the cattle on the island men- 
tioned above. At the beginning of this work the results were very 
satisfactory, but at a later period when the corps had advanced into 
territory in the north of Negros the death rate rose to-an alarming 
extent and investigation showed the bad results to be due to the inocula- 
tion of trypanosomata which were present in the virulent blood. When 
serum alone was used, or in cases in which there was no reaction to the 
simultaneous inoculation, the cattle were not affected, but if a reaction 
occurred the animals died without symptoms of rinderpest, but with 
enormous numbers of the parasites in the blood. 
In Egypt, similar unfortunate results following the simultaneous 
method of inoculation were observed, but in this case the complicating 
diseases were ‘Texas and Rhodesian fevers (Arloing). 
The most common complicating condition beside these parasitic blood 
diseases is foot-and-mouth disease, which, although milder in Manila than 
in the temperate climates, is nevertheless a very serious infection when 
it occurs in conjunction with rinderpest. Ordinarily, simple Saarpy 
mouth disease in native or Chinese cattle yields readily to treatment 1 
Manila, but when it appears in conjunction with rinderpest, the combi- 
nation is almost surely fatal and serum then has no effect upon the 
course of the malady. 
PROPITYLAXIS. 
That there are in general but two methods of preventing the entrance 
and spread of rinderpest, whether in a herd or a country, has now been 
settled beyond doubt. These methods are those of immunization and 
of quarantine. Naturally enough, were a perfect quarantine to be 
established about a herd or about a country where the disease is un- 
known, then the method of prophylaxis by immunization would be 
unnecessary. However, unfortunately this is so rarely the case, that 
resort must be had to the latter means of protection. 
Methods of preparing serum.—In order to prepare a serum of high 
efficiency it is at first necessary to produce in an animal an active 
immunity against the disease. Various investigators have attempted 
to accomplish this result by using attenuated virus, but with little 
success. Heat and cold, light and air, and antiseptics have been tried 
by Nencki, Semmer, Tokishiga, and others, but, as Koch has said, the 
susceptibility of the virus does not allow of eyen gradual attenuation. 
The result of such chemical and physical methods is therefore to destroy 
the virus and then all evidence of an immunizing process is wanting. 
