798 
I am in entire accord with all that Dr. Barrows has said relative to the 
superabundance of tribal designations. In a number of instances, two 
or more have been given to the same tribe. The names Jbilaos and [lon- 
gotes, for instance, are clearly two distinct designations for a single people. 
However, I am of the opinion that there is another and much more im- 
portant source of error. It is undoubtedly true that the ideas which 
existed among the Spaniards as to the meaning of the word “tribe” were 
rather vague. Throughout the Cordillera Central the rancheria or settle- 
ment is the social and political unit. In the head-hunting countries 
rancherias of people of the same tribe were constantly at war with each 
other, and the blood feuds between them were handed down from genera- 
tion to generation. As a result, intercourse between these rancherwas. 
was more or less completely cut off for scores of years. It was unavoid- 
able that differences of dialect should develop under such circumstances. 
Further study of the peoples of northern Luzon has shown that 
such variations have appeared to a greater extent than Dr. Barrows had 
been led to believe. 
It was the usage of the Spaniards to designate as a tribe each group of 
people which had a dialect, more or less peculiar, of its own. Further- 
more, the custom which is widespread among the hill people of northern 
Luzon of shouting out the name of a settlement when they desire to call 
for one or more persons belonging to it, seems in many instances to have 
led the Spaniards to adopt settlement names as tribal ones, even when 
there were no differences of dialect between the peoples thus designated. 
In criticising Professor Blumentritt’s classification, it must be remem- 
bered that he has never visited the Philippine Islands. He is a compiler, 
pure and simple, and when preparing his list of Philippine tribes has 
been compelled to follow, more or less blindly, the persons from whom 
he has derived his information. After nearly four centuries of Spanish 
occupation and rule, extensive areas in northern Luzon remained entirely 
unexplored at the time of the American occupation, and it has proved a 
simple matter to find, in the northern part of the Cordillera Central, 
extensive river valleys within which the face of a white man had never 
been seen prior to that date. The alleged facts as to the inhabitants of 
this region were necessarily hearsay when they reached the Spaniards, 
and second-hand hearsay when they reached Professor Blumentritt. 
At the time their list of Philippine tribes was prepared, the Jesuits 
had never occupied missions in northern Luzon, and no explorations had 
been made by the Americans in that part of the island, so that they were 
forced to digest, as best they could, the miscellaneous mass of information 
prepared for them by Blumentritt and other ‘writers. 
Dr. Barrows had the benefit of personal acquaintance with many of 
the peoples concerning whom he wrote. 
In July, 1902, he left Baguio, in the Province of Benguet, and traveled north 
by way of Tublay, Kapangan, Balakbak, Kibungan, and Palina. Crossing into 
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