800 
other extensive and important investigations have been carried on relative 
to the non-Christian tribes of northern Luzon. 
Dr. M. L. Miller, now Chief of the ethnological division of the Bureau of 
Education, on November 3, 1904, left San Fernando, in the Province of Union, 
and proceeded up the coast to Candon in South lHokos. In the vicinity of 
Candon he visited twenty-two Tingian rancherias. 
From this place he again proceeded along the coast northward to Badoe and 
Paoay, and near Badoce visited the Tingian settlement of Uguis. Returning to 
Vigan, he went up the Abra River to Bangued, and thence to Pilar by way of 
Catebongan, visiting the Negrito settlement near the latter place. From Pilar 
he passed through the settlements of San José, San Guillermo, Tui, and Balbalasan 
to Guinaan. From Guinaan he proceeded to Baguio by way of Labuagan, Ting- 
layan, Bontoe, Cervantes, Mancayan, Loo, Bugias, Daklan, and Ambuklao., 
On January 31, 1906, he went to Capas, in the Province of Tarlac, and thence 
to O’Donnell and Iba in Zambales. Between Iba and Santa Fe he visited five 
Negrito settlements, and afterwards Aglao, an Ilokano settlement. He then crossed 
over the mountains through Negrito territory to Florida Blanea. In February 
of the same year he traveled to Tarlac and visited a Negrito settlement near 
Mangatarem. 
In April, 1906, he went to San Isidro and Cabanatuan, in Nueva Ecija, and 
thence to Baler on the Pacific coast, passing through the country of the Ilongots 
and Igorots. 
Capt. Charles KE. Nathorst, of the Philippines Constabulary, lived for 
some time among the /gorots in southern Lepanto and, since his ap- 
pointment as a Constabulary officer, has traveled very extensively in the 
mountain country of northern Luzon. 
He has visited the Bontoe Igorot rancherias of Amboan, Barlig, Lias, and 
Balangao in southern and eastern Bontoc, bordering on Nueva Vizcaya; the 
Kalinga rancherias of Lubo, Mangali, Taloctoc, Tanglae, Liclie, Balantey, Bolo, 
Saleesee, Calogney, Damijon, Dalugen, Bodk, Patiquian, Linas, and Baneng, which 
are in eastern, northeastern, and northern Bontoc, bordering on Cagayan, and also 
the rancherias of Sesecan, Talalan, Balbalasan, Pasqual, and Innanungan, in 
northern and northwestern Bontoc. These rancherias have a mixed population, 
composed largely of Tingians who have intermarried to some extent with Bontoe 
Igorots, and Kalingas. 
Captain Nathorst has been informed that south of Lubo is a Kalinga ranche- 
ria called Gaiin, and south of Gaiin an Jfugao one called Dakalan, on the border 
of Isabela, 
Capt. Samuel D. Crawford, who accompanied me from Laoag in North 
Ilokos to Ablug in Cagayan in 1906, has also made numerous expeditions 
of his own through the mountains of northern Luzon. 
Lieut. L. E. Case, of the Philippines Constabulary, was stationed at 
Banaue in Nueva Vizcaya from January, 1903, to July, 1906, and visited 
nearly every rancheria in the northwestern part of that province. 
My own more important trips through northern Luzon have been as 
follows: 
In 1900: Manila to Baguio, Benguet, and return by way of San Fernando. 
In 1901: Manila to Pozorubio, in Pangasinan; thence to various settlements of 
“new Christians,’ who proved to be Tingians, in the foothills of the Benguet 
