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mountains in the vicinity of Pozorubio and Rosario; thence to Baguio, Benguet, 
by way of the coast route in Union, and the Naguilian trail; thence north by 
way of the Zgorot settlements of Ambuklao, Daklan, Kabayan, Buguias, Adaoay, 
Loo, Suyok, and Mancayan to Cervantes; thence to the coast and Manila, passing 
through the Jgorot settlements of Angaki and Concepcion en route. 
In 1903: Manila to Bangued, the capital of Abra, from which point numerous 
Tingian settlements were visited; thence to Cervantes in Lepanto, by way of 
the Tingian settlements of Tiagan and Angaki; thence to Bontoe by way of the 
Lepanto /gorot settlements of Kayan and Bagnan, and the Bontoe Igorot settle- 
ment of Sagada; thence to the Bontoe Jgorot settlement of Mayinit and return; 
thence to the Bontoe Jgorot settlements of Talubin and Amboan; thence through 
the mountain range to the /fugao settlement of Banaue, in Nueva Vizeaya, return- 
ing to Bontoc; and thence by another route through the Bontoe and Lepanto 
Igorot settlements to Kayan; thence by. the route previously traveled to Cervantes, 
and through Benguet to Baguio and Manila. : 
In 1905: From Manila to Bangued in Abra; thence to the Tingian settlements 
of Manobo, San Andres, and Tui; thence over the Cordillera Central to Balbalasan, 
and down the valley of the Saltan River through Seseecan and Patiquian to 
Saleesee; thence north, through the Kalinga settlements of Gannaiin_and Ubel; 
thence over a spur of the Cordillera Central to Mabaca, Umbali, Bunuan, and 
Balanga, and down the hitherto unknown Mabaca River by way of Lapoe, 
Kalaling, Madadnao, Kalaoang, Bagnang, Bontoe (a small Kalinga rancheria, 
not the capital of the subprovince of the same name), Took-Took, Manongnong, 
Asiga, Uaged, Malagnat, Ammasian, and Pinakpook (Pinecpec) ; thence to Tuao 
and Tuguegarao, in Cagayan, and up the Rio Grande to the Jlongot settlement 
of Dumabato in southern Isabela; thence by way of Echague and Carig to 
Bayombong, the capital of Nueva Vizcaya, north through the Quiangan and 
Banaue settlements and over the Polis range, to Bontoe, returning by the usual 
route to Baguio and Manila. 
In 1906: From Manila overland to Laoag, in Ilokos Norte; thence to Piddig, 
and thence by river bed and trail over the Cordilfera Central to Dallaoas, in 
Apayao; thence down the Ablug River, through the rancherias of Dallaoas, 
Cabugaoan, Lapoe, Abbil, Naguilian, Nagtuyangan, Dibagat, Palocago, Dipadi, 
Nacagman, Madatag, Tamogac, Cabotot, Pili, Masimut, Locab, Nagbabalayan, 
Nagsimbangan, Cabugaoan (there are two rancherias of this name on the Ablug 
River), Atanani, Magapta, Bolo, Uaga, Puncian, Guenned, Bubulayan, Burayangan, 
Tauit, and Maculaling, to Ablug; thence to Aparri, and by way of the Rio Grande 
to Hagan and Gamu, in Isabela Province; thence to the Kalinga rancheria of Sili 
and the Ifugao rancherias of Mayoyao, Ayangan, and Banaue; thence to Bontoc, 
Baguio, and Manila by the usual trail. 
Governor Blas Villamor, who accompanied me on my 1905 and 1906 
trips, has visited practically every settlement of non-Christians in his 
province and has made the direct journey overland from Ilagan and Santa 
Maria in Isabela Province, to Bangued, in Abra, stopping en route at 
many Kalinga and Ifugao rancherias. 
Capt. Henry Knauber, of the Philippines Constabulary, has made 
numerous trips northward and westward from Malaueg, in the Province 
of Cagayan, has thoroughly explored the Kalinga country between Ma- 
laueg and Nagsimbangan on the Ablug River, and has ascended the river 
for some distance above the latter point. ” 
It should further be remembered that there are organized and effective 
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