se Stee se se 
802 ° 
governments in Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, and in the subprovinces of 
Amburayan, Lepanto and Bontoc, which collectively form the Province 
of Lepanto-Bontoe. Governor Pack, of Benguet, and Lieutenant- 
Governor Hale, of Amburayan, have repeatedly visited every settlement 
under their jurisdiction. Governors Dinwiddie and Reed have done the 
same in Lepanto, as have Lieutenant-Governors Folkmar and Eckman 
in Bontoc. In Nueva Vizcaya there remains practically no unexplored 
territory, thanks to the efforts of Governors Johnson, Bennett, and 
Knight, and of Lieutenant Case. 
While the census enumeration of 1903 was in progress, a special effort 
was made to ascertain the truth about the non-Christian tribes of the 
Philippines, and much valuable information was obtained relative to 
those of northern Luzon. 
It is not too much to say that hardly a rancheria now remains in the 
Cordillera Central and its foothills, except in the district of Apayaos, 
which has not been visited by Americans, while even in the latter district 
twenty-nine of the more important rancherias have been visited. As a 
result of these recent explorations, a large amount of reliable information 
has been gathered, and it is upon this information and upon personal 
observations that the conclusions hereinafter set forth are based. 
Doubtless much of the present confusion as to the tribes of northern 
Luzon is due to the fact that those who have written concerning them 
have used the word “tribe” with very different meanings. I will, at the 
outset, endeavor to make plain the sense in which I employ it. 
The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia describes “tribe” as follows: 
Tribe: (1) In Roman history, one of the three patrician orders, or original 
political divisions of the people of ancient Rome, the Ramnes, Tities, and Luceres, 
representing respectively, according to tradition, the separate Latin, Sabine, and 
Etruscan settlements, having at their union equal representation in the senate 
and retaining their distinctive names for several centuries. Hence, (2) any one 
of the similar divisions of a race or nation common in antiquity, whether of 
natural or of political origin: as the tribes of Athens. (Ethnical tribes among the 
ancients regarded themselves as enlarged families, and generally bore the name of 
some real or supposed common progenitor. Such were the twelve tribes of the 
Israelites, the tribes of the Dorians and other Greek races, ete.) (3) Specific- 
ally, a division of a barbarous race of people, usually distinguishable in some 
way from their congeners, united into a community under a recognized head or 
chief, ruling either independently or subordinately. In general, the tribe, as it 
still exists among the American Indians and many African and Asiatic races, 
is the earliest form of political organization, nations being ultimately constituted 
by their gradual amalgamation and loss of identity in the progress of civilization. 
The characteristic of all these races (Uralian), when in the tribal state, is that 
the tribes themselves, and all subdivisions of them, are conceived by the men 
who compose them as descended from a single male ancestor. In some cases the 
tribe can hardly be otherwise described than as a group of persons taken col- 
lectively; any aggregate of individuals of a kind, either as a united body or as 
distinguished by some common characteristic or occupation. 
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