803 
Webster’s International Dictionary gives the following definition of 
the word “tribe :” . 
Tribe: (1) A family, race, or series of generations descending from the same 
progenitor, and kept distinct, as in the case of the twelve tribes of Israel, de- 
scended from the twelve sons of Jacob. (2) A number of species or genera: having 
certain structural characteristics in common. (3) A nation of savages or un- 
civilized people; a body of rude people united under one leader or government, 
as the tribes of the Six Nations; the Seneca tribe. (4) A division, class, or 
distinct portion of a people from whatever cause that distinction may have 
originated; as, the city of Athens was divided into ten tribes. (5) A family of 
animals descended from some particular female progenitor; as, the Duchess tribe 
of shorthorns. 
Under the fourth alternative definition given in the Century Dictionary 
any one of the several classifications which have been adopted for the wild 
tribes of northern Luzon could be justified. On the other hand, were we 
to adopt any definition which includes as an essential feature the existence 
of a head or chief warrior of the tribe as a whole, we should be forced 
to the conclusion that there is no such thing as a tribe in the Philippines 
outside the territory occupied by the Moros. 
I use the word in the following sense: 
A division of a race composed of an aggregate of individuals of a kind 
and of a common origin, agreeing among themselves in, and distinguished 
from their congeners by physical characteristics, dress, and ornaments ; 
the nature of the communities which they form; peculiarities of house 
architecture; methods of hunting, fishing and carrying on agriculture ; 
character and importance of manufactures; practices relative to war and 
the taking of heads of enemies; arms used in warfare; music and dancing, 
and marriage and burial customs; but not constituting a political unit 
subject to the control of any single individual nor necessarily speaking 
the same dialect. 
Where different dialects prevail among the members of a single tribe 
it should be subdivided into dialect groups. The differences in language 
between the people of different dialect groups of a tribe are of course far 
less radical than are those between the people of different tribes. 
Returning now to a consideration of the list of tribes published by 
Blumentritt and by the Jesuits, I will endeavor by a concrete example 
to show the absurdity of the conclusions to which one is led who follows 
their classification. 
Blumentritt assigns the following fifteen tribes to Nueva Vizcaya: 
Alimut, Altasanes, Bungananes, Ibilaos, Ifugaos, Ifumangies, Ilamut, 
Ileabanes, Ilongotes, Isinays, Italones, Mayoyaos, Panuipuyes, Quian- 
ganes, and Silipanes. 
The Jesuits add the Jgorots and the Jrayas. 
Nueva Vizcaya has been so thoroughly explored that no unknown tribe 
can possibly exist there, and these explorations have shown conclusively 
