804 
that there are but three non-Christian peoples in the province, viz: the 
Tlongots, the Ifugaos, and the Isinays. Of the remaining tribal designa- 
tions employed by Blumentritt, /bilaos and Italones are synonyms of 
Tlongots; Alimut and Ilamut are synonyms; and the Bungananes or 
Bunnayanes, Mayoyaos, Quianganes, and Silipanes are all Ifugaos to 
whom the names of their rancherias (or in the case of the Alimut, the 
name of their river valley) have been applied as tribal designations. 
The Altasanes, Ifwmangies, Ileabanes, and Panuipuyes do not exist. 
In all probability these latter names were taken from those of rancherias 
which have long since disappeared. While some of the larger rancherias 
in northern Luzon are very old, others are of recent origin and the names 
and locations of these settlements are constantly changing. 
When descending the Saltan River valley in 1905 I was greatly puzzled 
by my failure to find numerous rancherias shown on the Spanish map 
which I was using. As the Spaniards had a garrison at Balbalasan, it 
seemed that they should certainly have mapped correctly the rancherias 
on the upper Saltan River. I inquired concerning the ones which seemed 
to be missing and learned that the people of one had been decimated by 
smallpox and the survivors had burned the houses and fled; those of 
another had practically been exterminated by their enemies; those of a 
third had moved in search of more extensive agricultural lands, and so on, 
Meanwhile several new rancherias had sprung up. Therefore, it will 
readily be understood how it is that in many instances no peoples can at 
present be found answering to names which a few years ago were con- 
sidered to be tribal designations. 
To the lists of tribal names employed by Blumentritt and the Jesuits 
which may be excluded from further consideration because no people can 
at present be found who apply these names to themselves must be added 
the Addang, Adangtas, Aripas, Bayobanan, Bujuanos, Gamungan, Iteta- 
panes, Jumangi, Nabayuganes, and Pungianes. 
As already stated, the term “Burics” of the Jesuit list is not a tribal 
designation at all, while the separation of the Negritos into Abunlon, 
Aetas, Adaugtas, Attas, Balugas, Buquiles, and Dumagas is hardly jus- 
tified. It is true that the groups of Negritos to which these names have 
been applied differ more or less, these differences depending on the extent 
to which they have intermarried with neighboring peoples; and since 
they have always adopted the languages of their civilized neighbors they 
often speak different dialects as well; but they have all attained to sub- 
stantially the same degree of civilization, or perhaps better, they all 
continue to lack civilization to substantially the same degree and can not 
be considered as belonging to different tribes when the word “ tribe” is 
employed in the sense in which I use it in this article. 
I will not here further criticize the lists of Blumentritt and the Jesuits, 
