—— CUCU 
818 
their little black neighbors. They keep very much to themselves, main- 
taining only such intercourse with the people of the neighboring civilized 
communities as may be necessary in order to secure salt, metal, cloth, 
and a few other necessaries. However, the experience of Americans with 
them has tended to show that they appreciate fair dealing and that when 
their confidence has been won they refrain from hostile acts toward those 
who have become the objects of it. 
Probably, as in the case of the Negritos, there is little hope of doing 
more for them than to protect them from the aggression of the civilized 
natives and to cause them to refrain from hostile attacks upon others. 
They constitute a sharply marked tribe, the members of which may 
usually be distinguished without difficulty from any of their non-Chris- 
tian neighbors. 
The names Ilongots, Ibilaos, and Italones are designations for the same 
people, and I have adopted the former because it seems to be the one in 
more general use. 
Tribe III. THE KALINGAS. 
SYNONYMY. 
ARIPANES. Synonym of Aripas. 
ARIPAS. Name applied to the Kalingas who formerly lived near Tubang, 
Cagayan. No such people now exists. 
BAYABONAN (7). Said to have been a tribe occupying the “mountains east 
of Tuao, Cagayan.” As the country east of Tuao, Cagayan, is a level plain, it 
may well be doubted whether such a people ever existed. At all events they do 
not now exist. 
CALAGUAS. Synonym of Calauas. 
CALAUAS. Name applied to the Kalingas occupying the heights in the neigh- 
borhood of Malaueg and the valley of the Rio Chico, in Cagayan. 
CALINGAS. Synonym of Kalingas. 
CATALANGANES. Name applied to the Kalingas living east of lagan, on 
the Catalatigan River, in Isabela. 
CATALANGES. Synonym of Catalanganes. 
CATATANGANES. Synonym of Catalanganes. 
DADAYAGS. Name applied to the Kalingas living west of Cabagan Nuevo 
and in the lower Saltan River valley. ; 
DADAYAS. Synonym of Dadayags. 
GADDANES. Name applied to the Kalingas of western Isabela Province, many 
of whom were long since converted to Christianity and have become civilized. 
GAMUNGAN. A name which has been applied to the uncivilized inhabitants 
of the mountains “east and northeast of Tuao, in Cagayan.” As no such mountains 
exist, it is doubtful if there ever was such a people. 
GAMUNANG. Synonym of Gamungan. 
GAMUNANGANES. Synonym of Gamungan. 
IRAYAS. Name applied by Blumentritt to the people living to the westward 
of the Catalanganes. 
KALIBUGAN. Name applied to certain Kalingas of Isabela Province. 
NABAYUGANES. Name applied to the Kalingas living to the westward of 
Malaueg, in Cagayan. 
YOGADES. Synonym of Gaddanes. 
