820 
in the ends which are directed forward, or these ends are covered with 
pieces of cloth embroidered in bright colors. (Pl. VII, fig. 4.) 
The women wear skirts reaching from the waist to the knees, or, in 
rare instances, even to the ankles; also camisas of brightly colored and 
large-figured cloth of European manufacture, or of the handsome striped 
cloth which they themselves weave. (PI. XII, fig. 3; Pl. XVII, fig. 2.) 
They wear clouts under their skirts. 
That the habitual wearing of so many clothes by the women is a matter 
of display rather than of modesty is shown by the fact that they discard 
their camisas when at work, and if they have occasion to cross deep 
streams, strip naked, regardless of the presence of men. 
Nearly every woman or girl owns a pair of huge brass earrings of a 
peculiar form (Pl. XX, fig. 2) which weigh two to four ounces. ‘The 
part which passes through the ear is wrapped in leather or cloth to 
prevent its chafing the flesh. Still more highly prized are large ear orna- 
ments of mother-of-pearl, each shaped like a solid figure 8. (Pl. XX, 
figs. 3 and 4.) Many heavy necklaces are also worn. (PI. XX, fig. 3.) 
The beads most highly prized, called manding, are of agate and very 
roughly made. (Pl. XX, fig. 4.) They are apparently valued on account 
of their age, and one of them is sometimes worth a carabao. Next to 
these in value come imitation agate beads of recent manufacture. 
Many of the women have beautiful, long hair, which is banged across 
the forehead and worn in great coils about the head, being held in place 
by numerous strings of beads. (PI. XX, fig. 3.) On state occasions it 
is the fashion to wear great switches of dead hair. (Pl. XX, fig. 4.) 
Very wealthy women and influential men sometimes wear elaborate or- 
naments of scarlet and yellow feathers. (Pl. XX, fig. 4; Pl. VIII, 
fig. 1.) 
The Kalingas do not tattoo themselves to any very great extent. The 
women sometimes have marks on the throat or the forearms supposed to 
bring good luck. (Pl. XXIII, fig. 2.) The men are tattooed even less 
than the women. Their marks are usually on the shoulders and are said 
to be of no special significance. 
Their settlements consist of groups of from three or four to a score of 
houses, placed close together and often perched in some inaccessible spot 
on a steep mountain side. (Pl. XXVII, fig. 1.) Not infrequently they 
are surrounded by wind-breaks of bamboo. The houses are of two types. 
Those built on the ground are quite clean and are very substantially 
constructed. ‘The floors, which are raised five or six feet above the 
ground, are usually made of well-cleaned stalks of rwno grass tied close 
together. The piles on which the houses stand, and their frameworks, 
are of hard wood. The roofs, which on the inside have a concave curve, 
consist ordinarily of an inner layer of closely tied and well-cleaned runo 
stems over which is placed a very thick, outer layer of carefully laid grass 
