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thatch. These roofs must last for many years. The sides of the houses 
of this type are usually made of boards, hewn with great labor from thick 
tree trunks. (Pl. XXXI, fig. 2.) I have never seen any wood-carving 
on these houses, but am informed by Governor Blas Villamor that the 
inner surfaces of the side boards are sometimes carved. Where timber, 
runo and grass for thatching are scarce, the floors, sides, and roofs of 
houses may be made of bamboo. Some of the bamboo roofs made of 
joints laid like tiles are very remarkable affairs. (Pl. XXXII, fig. be 
The Kalingas of Isabela often build their houses amid the branches of 
trees which previously have been killed. These tree houses, which, as a 
rule, are not very substantial, can be entered only by long ladders. The 
latter are drawn up at night or when an attack is feared. (Pl. XXXI, 
fig. 1.) Granaries for rice are usually to be found near dwelling-houses. 
The agriculture of the Kalinga shows a distinct advance over that of 
the Ilongot. He often raises enough tobacco for his own use and some- 
times has a little to sell. Occasionally, also, he raises small quantities of 
cacao and coffee and barters them with his Christian neighbors. He 
, grows gabi (taro) and rice in irrigated fields, and on the mountain sides 
cultivates camotes and mountain rice which grow without irrigation. 
Indian corn he sometimes raises upon a considerable scale. He usually 
has a good supply of bananas. 
He keeps dogs and chickens and in some instances cattle, carabaos, and 
even horses, although ownership of the latter three kinds of animals by 
Kalingas is rare, those of Taling and Nanong being the only ones who 
raise any considerable number of cattle, carabaos, and horses. Cattle 
and carabaos are kept for eating and are never worked, but horses are 
sometimes used for riding. 
The Kalingas do not use the bow and arrow, but occasionally kill with 
their lances a deer or a hog which their dogs have brought to bay. They 
set fish-traps in the mountain streams. 
Basi is indispensable to the successful celebration of a cafao and is 
made by the Kalingas in considerable quantity. Their houses usually 
contain large, earthenware pots filled with this drink. The sugar-cane 
juice is pressed out by means of a simple apparatus similar to that used 
by the Ibilaos. An aromatic bark is mixed with it, it is boiled until it 
is of the proper consistency, and is then allowed to ferment. 
Although many head-axes made by the Tinguwians are imported into the 
Kalinga country from the south, there are quite a number of good K alinga 
smiths who are fairly skilJful in shaping weapons of iron and steel. 
Some of the women weave cloth and many of them embroider quite 
well. 
The houses of the Kalingas usually contain quantities of glazed 
earthenware pots, many of which are ornamented with raised figures of 
dragons, but although porcelain and china plates and bowls are also in 
