826 
and head-hunting customs, their music, their dancing, and especially in 
the character of their peculiar cafaos, at which public events are discussed 
and victories over enemies are celebrated. 
They are strong, cleanly, brave, and intelligent. They are probably 
less industrious than the Jfugaos or Bontoc Igorots, but are vastly more 
so than are the Negritos or Ilongols. I do not believe that the checking 
of head-hunting among them will prove to be a matter of any great 
difficulty, and when they are once on good terms with their Christian 
neighbors and thus gain a market for their products, they will pay more 
attention to agriculture. 
One former branch of the tribe, the Gaddanes, now forms an important 
element of the civilized population in the Cagayan Valley, and there 
would seem to be no good reason why the remaining wild Kalingas should 
not follow in their footsteps. 
Tribe IV. THE IF UGAOS. 
SYNONYMY. 
ALAMIT. Name applied to the Jfugaos of the Alamit River Valley, Quiangan, 
Nueva Vizcaya. 
ALIMUT. Synonym of Alamit. 
ALTABANES. Synonym of Altasanes. 
ALTASANES. Name formerly applied to the /fugaos of northwestern Nueva 
Vizeaya. No such people now exists. 
AYANGAN. Name applied to the Ifugaos of the rancheria of the same name 
in Nueva Vizcaya. 
BUNGANANES. Said by Blumentritt to be a warlike and possibly head- 
hunting tribe of Isabela and Nueva Vizeaya. No such tribe now exists. 
BUNNAYAN. Name applied to the Jfugaos of Quiangan and neighboring 
rancherias, 
EPOCAOS. Synonym of /fugaos. 
GILIPANES. Synonym of Silipanes. 
ILABANES. Blumentritt quotes Diaz Arenas as authority for the existence 
of such a tribe in Nueva Vizeaya in 1848. It no longer exists. 
IFUGADOS. Synonym of [fugaos. 
IFUMANGIES. According to Diaz Arenas, who is quoted by Blumentritt, a 
tribe of “Jgorrotes” of Nueva Vizcaya in 1848. No such, people now exists. 
ILAMUT. Synonym of Alamit. 
IPUCAOS. Synonym of /fugaos. 
IRAYAS. Name applied by the Jesuits to the Jfugaos and Kalingas inhabit- 
ing the banks of the River Haron and the eastern slopes of the Sierra Madre in 
Nueva Vizeaya, Isabela, and Cagayan. 
MAYOYAOS. Name applied to the Ifugaos of the rancheria of Mayoyao and 
other neighboring rancherias of Nueva Vizcaya. 
PANIPUYES. Synonym of Panuipuyes. 
PANUIPUYES. According to Blumentritt “a tribe of so-called Igorrotes to 
to be sought in western Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela.” No such tribe now exists. - 
PUNGIANES. Classed by Blumentritt interrogatively as “a tribe of the 
Mayoyaos.” No such people now exists. 
