829 
with a mixture of clay and carabao dung. (PI. LXV, fig. 1.) In these 
houses are placed the bodies of persons who die natural deaths. The 
bodies of men killed in war must be buried in the ground. 
The Jfugaos never use the bow and arrow, but when hunting hogs and 
deer employ dogs to bring the game to bay, killing it with their lances. 
However, they are by no means so dependent upon game as are the 
Negritos and Ilongots. 
Their agriculture is little short of wonderful, and no one who has seen 
their dry stone dams, their irrigating ditches running for miles along 
precipitous hillsides and even crossing the faces of cliffs, and their 
irrigated terraces extending for thousands of feet up the mountain sides, 
can fail to be impressed. (Pl. XXVI; Pl. XX XVII, fig. 2.) When 
water must be carried across cliffs so hard and so broken that the /fugaos 
can not successfully work the stone with their simple tools, they construct 
and fasten in place great troughs made from the hollowed trunks of 
trees, and the same procedure is resorted to when cafions must be crossed, 
great ingenuity being displayed in building the necessary supporting 
trestlework of timber. The nearly perpendicular walls of their rice 
paddies are usually built of stone, although near Quiangan, where the 
country is comparatively open and level, walls of clay answer the pur- 
pose and are used. ‘The stone retaining: walls are sometimes forty feet 
high, and so steep are the mountain sides that the level plots gained by 
building such walls and filling in behind them are often not more than 
twenty or thirty feet wide. JI know of no more impressive example of 
primitive engineering than the terraced mountain sides of Nueva Viz- 
caya, beside which the terraced hills of Japan sink into insignificance. 
Water is led with the greatest skill from plot to plot, sometimes being 
allowed to flow down the faces of the stone retaining walls and some- 
times being led through subterranean passages which have their upper 
openings in the middle of plots. 
The Ifugaos keep hogs. Manure is carried from the hog-pens to the 
rice-paddies and worked into the ground, which is carefully prepared 
before planting and which continues to produce fine crops year after 
year. ‘The rice is always well weeded and thinned. 
When the rice crop has been harvested, the irrigation water is often 
shut off and the earth in the paddies raised into little mounds. The 
water. is then once more turned on, whereupon these little mounds become 
miniature islands on which are planted garlic, beans, gabi, and other 
vegetables, the water serving to keep away cutworms and crawling insect 
pests. 
The Jfugao raises tobacco in limited quantity and rolls his own cigars. 
He makes a fermented drink from rice called bubud which is much 
used at feasts and in ceremonials connected with the cementing of friend- 
ship. (PI. XULI, fig. 1.) He also keeps dogs and chickens which are 
