830 
well cared for and carabaos which are allowed to run half wild and are 
apparently not used as draft animals but are kept to be eaten at feasts. 
I have never seen cattle or horses in an Jfugao settlement. 
The Jfugao women weave very good cloth, usually of a dark indigo- 
blue color with small, scarlet figures. The simple type of loom used by 
them will be better understood from the accompanying illustration 
(Pl. XLII, fig. 2) than from a detailed description. It will be noted 
that the warp is held taut by a broad belt which passes around the back 
of the operator and against which she leans; also that the shuttle is 
passed by hand, the threads being held apart during the operation by a 
piece of wood set on edge. When the shuttle has been passed, this piece 
of wood is dropped on its side and drawn sharply toward the operator so 
as to drive the thread into place. Although this method of cloth making 
is slow, the narrow strips produced are often of very good quality. 
There are among the /fugaos many skillful workers in iron and steel, 
although a smithy is not to be found in every rancheria. Some of the 
settlements, notably Sapao, have a widespread reputation for the ex- 
cellence of their steel and iron manufactures. The implements used 
by the smith are of the simplest. He has an old iron hammer or two for 
shaping, several heavy, stone hammers for flattening, and a rude, wooden 
trough of water for tempering. His bellows consists of two vertical 
wooden cylinders in which pistons, packed with feathers and rags, are 
alternately raised and lowered by the operator. From each of these 
cylinders a tube leads to a central pipe of bamboo or fire clay, which 
extends to a little depression in the ground, filled with charcoal, in which 
the ingot of iron or steel is heated. In spite of the primitive nature of 
this plant the Jfugao smith turns out beautifully shaped and well- 
tempered. lance-heads and head-knives. (PI. LX, figs. 1, ¢ and 2, g, h, 
andi.) He is also skillful in making metal pipe-bowls, which are cast in 
clay molds. 3 
The Ifugaos of Banaue, and doubtless of other rancherias as well, 
manufacture excellent pottery which has a smooth, glazed surface. 
They are especially skillful in wood-carving. I have called attention 
to the fact that the door posts, under surfaces of floor boards, and the 
harigues or supporting piles of their houses are often ornamented. A 
house may be surrounded by a stockade, some of the posts of which are 
carved in jmitation of human heads. As one approaches a rancheria 
he may find beside the trail anitos carved from the basal portions of the 
stems of tree ferns and set there to keep watch for enemies. Skillfully 
carved wooden images or anitos, which are supposed to be able to bring 
good crops or good weather, may be found within the houses. They are 
often bedecked with gifts consisting of earrings, rice-knives, etc., which 
have been presented in the hope of propitiating the anitos. (Pl. XLVI, 
fig. 1.) 
