831 
The Jfugao eats his rice from a carved wooden bowl which may be 
single or double, or may take the form of a large vessel with four small 
ones attached to its perimeter. (Pl. XLVI, fig. 1.) The large bowl 
is used for serving boiled rice and the smaller ones hold salt, pepper, 
tomatoes, etc., with which the rice may be flavored. Forks and spoons, 
with handles carved in imitation of men and women, are in common use, 
as are bowls on the covers of which are carved pigs, carabaos, or figures 
of men and women. (PI. XLVI, figs. 2 and 4; Pl. XLVII, fig. 2.) 
I have seen a lime-box made from a human bone, on which was scratched 
a picture illustrating the manner in which the original owner of the bone 
lost his life. (Pl. XLVI, fig. 3, b.) Lime-boxes ornamented with elab- 
* orate scratch-work patterns are frequently seen. (PI. XLVI, fig. 3, a.) 
Near, or under, the houses one sometimes finds large, artistically shaped 
wooden resting-benches, each large enough to accommodate two persons 
stretched out at full length. (PI. XLVII, fig. 4.) 
The Ifugao has been, and when not held in check, still is an inveterate 
head-hunter. The head-hunting feuds are strictly rancheria affairs. 
When some of the people of a given rancheria lose their heads, their 
friends make little or no attempt to take vengeance upon the particular 
individuals who took them but are content to get the heads of any of the 
residents of the settlement to which the aggressors belong. In the past, 
each rancheria has, as a rule, been at war with every other for miles 
around. Its people were ordinarily sufficient unto themselves and in 
many instances had little intercourse with outsiders for scores of years. 
It is doubtless due to this fact that a number of local dialects have 
sprung up, and that the Ifugao people, who really form a distinct and 
sharply marked tribe, have been subdivided into so many so-called tribes. 
Heads taken in war are brought home by those who take them and are 
exposed at feasts which last for varying periods, their length depending 
upon the wealth of the victors and the importance of their victims. ‘The 
skulls are then carefully cleaned and are used as household ornaments 
by those who took the heads, being either placed about the fireplaces, or 
at the doors or outer corners of the houses, or in a row at the level of the 
heavy floor timbers, or even, in some instances, hung in baskets under the 
eaves. 
The arms of the /fugao consist of a long shield in the form of a 
board, with a hand grip at the back, the lower end cut squarely off and 
the upper bluntly pointed (Pl. XI, fig. 1; Pl. LI, fig. 5); a steel lance 
with finely shaped head and wooden handle, reinforced with rattan 
lashings which are often colored red, and a broad bladed knife attached 
- to a board sheath by means of one or two loose rattan lashings. The 
knife and sheath hang from the waistband of the owner’s clout. (PI. XI, 
fig. 1; Pl. LX, figs. 1, c and 2, g, h, and 1.) 
Small groups of houses are often surrounded by rice-paddies with high 
