Ol 
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832 
and almost vertical walls, which make the approach of enemies difficult. 
(Pl. XXVI.) It is said that in repelling an attack in the terraced 
fields, bamboo lances, the points of which have been thrust into dead 
animals, are ordinarily used for throwing. Steel lances are usually 
reserved for thrusting, as they are too valuable to throw except in case 
of great emergency. , 
The only musical instrument in common use among the Lfugaos i is the 
gansa, which is played with a drumstick. In the typical Jfugao dance 
both men and women take part. They form a line, the dancers in front 
and the musicians behind, and march back and forth with many rhyth- 
mical sidewise motions of the hands and arms and much flexing of the 
upper part of the body. This dance, which is common throughout the 
Ifugao country, is radically different from that of any other northern 
Luzon tribe. (PI. LIV, fig. 1.) 
I once attended the funeral of a man who had lost his head. (Pl. LXIIT, 
fig. 2.) No gansas were used, but as the body was carried through the 
fields, the chief musician beat a tattoo on a piece of hard wood suspended 
by a cord in such a way that its vibrations were not interfered with. This 
piece of wood was painted black with white stripes. Behind the chief 
musician came five or six men carrying shields painted black, with zigzag, 
white stripes, and after the leader had beaten out a few notes he would 
stop while the men with the shields drummed a precisely similar series of 
beats upon them with wooden sticks. 
Whatever may be the theoretically proper matrimonial state of is 
Ifugao, in practice he is not infrequently a polygamist. I have known 
a number of old and influential men who had wives of their own age 
and also a liberal assortment of young queridas. 
The Jfugao wedding-dress is quite elaborate and striking. (Pl. XXIV, 
fig. 2.) 
As already stated, the dead are sometimes buried in small houses 
especially constructed for the purpose. Not infrequently they are buried 
under the houses where they have lived, in the 7ingian fashion, but the 
body of a man who has lost his head in war is placed in the ground, 
often on some lonely mountain top. (Pl. LXIV, fig, 1.) 
I employ the name Jfugaos for the people of this tribe, because it has 
long been in general use with reference to a considerable number of 
them and seems to me more appropriate than any of the designations 
derived from the names of single rancherias. Some of the Bontoc Igorots 
call themselves Ipukaos or Ifugaos, but no special significance attaches 
to this fact, as the name Jpukaos or Ifugaos means simply “ people.” 
The Bontoce Igorots have always been known by the name of their prin- 
cipal rancheria and of the subprovince which they inhabit, and, as pre- 
viously stated, I have deemed it desirable to retain this name for them. 
