835 
stabulary and as a result have worn clothes and bathed with frequency, 
have bodies so much lighter in color than their fellow-tribesmen that 
their appearance when they divest themselves of their uniforms never 
fails to create surprise. 
The breasts of young women are large, full, and well supported ; 
the hips broad and the waist scarcely narrower than the hips. The legs 
are very strong and are usually straight, with large calves and coarse 
ankles. The hands and feet are short and broad. (PI. XIII, fig. 1; 
Pl. XXIV, fig. 1.) The women reach their prime at about twenty-three 
years, and at the age of thirty are beginning rapidly to grow old. 
The hair-cut of the men strongly resembles that of the Kalingas, from 
which it differs only in that the cut extending over the ear is not usually 
continued so far back as with the members of the latter tribe. The 
hair over the forehead is banged squarely across, just as with the Kalingas, 
but the back hair, while allowed to grow long, is usually worn in a coil 
at the back of the head and is held in place by a cap, ordinarily of basket- 
work, but sometimes of wood. (PI. IX, fig. 5.) Many of the men are 
very elaborately tattooed (Pl. VIII, fig. 4) and most of the women have 
tattoo marks on the arms. (PI. XXIII, fig. 4.) Theoretically, the 
people of an dto (one of the political divisions of a Bontoec town) may 
be tattooed only when some person belonging to that dto has taken a 
head. However, the suppression of head-hunting in Bontoc has con- 
tributed to the breaking up of this custom, and undoubtedly a large 
amount of tattooing is done at present when no heads have been taken. 
In every rancheria there are one or more men who are skillful in 
tattooing. The desired design is first drawn with a mixture of soot and 
water upon the skin of the person to be operated upon, and the tattooer 
then pricks the skin, following the lines of the design. After the design 
has been pricked in, soot is rubbed into the wounds thus produced. 
This causes the flesh to rise in great welts, which sometimes become in- 
fected and cause serious trouble. 
The Bontoc Igorots recognize three kinds of tattoo. First, that on the 
breast, usually running upward from each nipple, curving out on the 
shoulders and ending on the upper arms. This indicates that the person 
so marked has taken a head. Second, the tattoo on the arms of men and 
women. Third, all other tattoos of both sexes. The women are tattooed 
only on the arms. 
Dr. Jenks states that tattoo marks on the face, amns, stomach, and 
other parts of the body are believed to be purely esthetic, but other 
observers have remarked that it is often possible to determine from a 
man’s tattoo marks the rancheria to which he belongs. With the Bontoc 
Igorots, as with a number of the other northern Luzon tribes, tattoo 
marks, because of their supposed therapeutic value, are put on goiters, 
tumors, and varicose veins. 
