842 
town on the other. Challenges may be refused, and there are regular, 
established procedures for breaking the peace between towns, and for 
reéstablishing it. 
When a warrior takes a head, he usually returns at once to his town 
and placing the trophy in a funnel-shaped receptacle fastens it to a post 
in the stone court of the fawi. A short ceremony lasting a day and a 
night, at which a dog or a hog is killed, is immediately inaugurated, and 
on the following night there begins a ceremony which lasts for a month. 
At the outset the head is taken to the river and washed, the lower 
jawbone is cut off, cleaned, and reserved for use as a gansa handle. 
(Pl. LV, fig. 1.) On the evening of this day the head is buried under 
the stones of the fdwi, while the ceremony continues. Endless dances 
are held, and carabaos, dogs, hogs, and chickens are killed and eaten. 
After the head has been buried for approximately three years, it is dug 
up, and the skull, after being thoroughly washed, is placed in a basket 
with other skulls and hung in the fawi. (Pl. LXIV, fig. 3.) Another 
feast is celebrated at this time. The skulls are ultimately again buried 
under the stones of the faéwi and, in fact, some of the rancherias do not 
dig them up at all. The body of a warrior unfortunate enough to lose 
his head is buried without formal ceremony under the trail leading to 
the town of the man who took it. On the day following such a burial, 
the people of the dto to which the victim belonged have a fishing cere- — 
mony, and eat fish for the evening meal. On the succeeding day they go 
to a spot near the place where their companion lost his head and ask his 
spirit to return to their town. 
The Bontoe warrior is usually armed with a broad-bladed head-axe, a 
steel-headed lance, and -a good-sized wooden shield. (PI. XI, fig. 2.) 
Lance-heads are variously shaped, some of them being mere plain blades, 
while others have from one to four pairs of barbs. (PI. LX, figs. 2 7, k, 
1, and m.) In the rancherias of Amboan, Agawa, Sagada, and 'Tetepan 
most of the warriors use head-knives or bolos instead of head-axes. 
The Bontoc Jgorots have a number of musical instruments, including 
“jew’s-harps” made of bamboo or brass, bamboo flutes and gansas. Of 
these, the gansa, which is in such general use among the non-Christian 
tribes of northern Luzon, is by far the most important. It is made 
of copper or brass, and is suspended from a handle which theoretically 
should be and practically often is, the lower jawbone of an enemy killed 
in a battle. (Pl. LV, fig. 1.) 
The Bontoe Igorot does not beat his gansa with his hands as does the 
Kalinga, Tingian, and Ifugao, nor with a bit of wood as does the Benguet- 
Lepanto Igorot, but uses a well-fashioned, skin-covered drumstick. 
He dances while he plays, and in the dance both men and women par- 
ticipate. In one of the common dances the men form a long line which 
winds in and out through the crowd of spectators, while the dancers 
pound their gansas and execute some very fancy steps. This dance is 
