852 
Tingians who have been converted to Christianity, in the vicinity of Rosario and 
Pozzorubio in Pangasinan, near the mouth of the Bued River canyon, and 
strangest of all, there is a single Tingian rancheria called San Marcelo in the 
Province of Nueva Ecija. A band of wandering Tingians has even been observed 
‘by Dr. Barrows in Pangasinan. 
DESCRIPTION. 
The name Vingians or T'inguianes has long been applied to the non- 
Christian inhabitants of Abra and to certain of those of the western 
slopes of the eastern mountain ranges of Ilokos Norte and Hokos Sur. 
These people call themselves Jtneg, and this appellation would be a fitting 
tribal designation for them, but the name which I have adopted has been 
so long and so generally in use that it seems undesirable to change it. 
Many of the T'ingians of Abra and of Ilokos Norte and [okos Sur are 
possessed of a degree of civilization quite equal to that of their Hokano 
neighbors, but the inhabitants of some of the settlements of Ilokos Norte 
and. Ilokos Sur and of eastern Abra are not far advanced in civilization. 
Until very recently the wildest of all the known Tingians were the people 
of Guinaan and Balatoc, in Bontoc, and of Balbalasan and other settle- 
ments along the headwaters of the Saltan River. 
The people of the district of Apayao have long been known under the 
name Apayaos, although their immediate neighbors call them Kalingas. 
On a recent trip through this hitherto almost unknown region I was 
greatly surprised to discover that they were Tingians, but Tingians with 
a degree of civilization comparable to that possessed by those of Abra a 
century and a half or two centuries ago. They themselves trace their 
ancestry without hesitation to the T'ingians of Locos Sur, for whom 
they still entertain friendship and whom they often visit. They call 
themselves Itneg. A very large proportion of them speak Ilokano, which 
is not true of the Kalingas; and, according to Governor Blas Villamor, 
who accompanied me on this trip, the language which they use among 
themselves is, with comparatively minor differences, that of the Tingians 
of Abra. Governor Villamor further states that the costumes which 
they wear at the present time are practically identical with old Tingian 
ones which have been preserved in Abra for a century and a half. The 
inaccessibility of the river valley in which the Apayao Tingians live 
doubtless affords a satisfactory explanation of their having retained their 
primitive dress and customs. 
Of this tribe, then, we have a civilized and an uncivilized branch, the 
people of the former being justly celebrated for their kindness and 
docility, while those of the latter are equally well known as fierce head- 
hunters. 
On the average, the civilized Tingians are perhaps somewhat smaller 
in size than are the neighboring Kalingas and Bontoe Igorots. However, 
the wild Tingians of Apayao, of Balbalasan, and of Guinaan are quite 
